Study sheet: Object-Oriented Analysis and Design

📋 Course Outline

1. Software Development and OOAD
2. Traditional Development Models
3. Structured and Object-Oriented Approaches
4. Object-Oriented Development with RUP
5. UML Foundations and Building Blocks
6. UML Elements and Relationships
7. UML Data Types and Extensions
8. UML Diagrams and Views
9. Modeling Tools and Case Study

📖 1. Software Development and OOAD

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Software process : a set of activities that transforms user requirements into a software system

★ Must-know

• The main phases are:
  • requirements identification
  • analysis
  • design
  • programming
  • testing
  • deployment and maintenance

📌 Analysis determines what the system does, whereas design determines how the system does it.

Further detail

• Analysis and design act as the software's architectural blueprint, because writing code without analysis can make a system difficult to maintain, extend, and correct when business errors occur.

💡 Memory Hook

Analysis asks what the system does, whereas design asks how it does it.

📖 2. Traditional Development Models

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Spiral model : combines iteration with risk analysis during software development

★ Must-know

📌 The Waterfall model proceeds sequentially, with each phase completed before the next begins, while the Prototype model rapidly builds a prototype to clarify requirements.

Further detail

• Traditional development models share limitations when applied to large systems whose requirements change frequently.

💡 Memory Hook

Waterfall → Prototype → Spiral

📖 3. Structured and Object-Oriented Approaches

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Object : state represented by attributes, behavior represented by methods, and an identity

★ Must-know

📌 Structured analysis decomposes a system by functions and separates data from processing, whereas object-oriented analysis decomposes it into objects that combine data and behavior.

• The four properties are:
  • abstraction
  • encapsulation
  • inheritance
  • polymorphism

Further detail

• Structured approaches commonly use BFD, DFD, and ERD, whereas object-oriented approaches use UML use-case, class, and interaction diagrams.

💡 Memory Hook

Structured methods separate data and processing, whereas objects encapsulate both.

📖 4. Object-Oriented Development with RUP

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• RUP : or Rational Unified Process, is an iterative and incremental process that is use-case-driven and architecture-centric

★ Must-know

• 🔄 The four RUP phases are:
  1. Inception
  2. Elaboration
  3. Construction
  4. Transition

📌 Each RUP iteration produces a runnable increment of the software system.

Further detail

• RUP workflows include:
  • business modeling
  • requirements
  • analysis and design
  • implementation
  • testing

💡 Memory Hook

Inception → Elaboration → Construction → Transition

📖 5. UML Foundations and Building Blocks

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• UML : or Unified Modeling Language, is a visual modeling language standardized by OMG; it is a language of notation and semantics, not a method or process

★ Must-know

• The three building blocks are:

  • elements
  • relationships
  • diagrams

• UML diagrams are views of one model and are divided into structural diagrams describing static aspects and behavioral diagrams describing dynamic aspects.

Further detail

• UML was formed by unifying Booch, OMT by Rumbaugh, and OOSE by Jacobson, known as the three amigos; UML 1.0 appeared in 1997.

💡 Memory Hook

E-R-D: Elements, Relationships, Diagrams

📖 6. UML Elements and Relationships

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Class : describes a set of objects sharing attributes, methods, relationships, and semantics
• Use case : A use case is a sequence of actions performed by the system that produces a result for an actor, while an actor is a user or external system interacting with it.

📝 Essential Points

📌 Aggregation is a weak whole-part relationship in which the part remains independent when the whole is destroyed, whereas composition is a strong whole-part relationship in which the part is destroyed with the whole.

• UML multiplicities include 1 for exactly one, 0..1 for zero or one, * or 0..* for any number, and 1..* for at least one.

📌 Generalization expresses an is-a relationship between superclass and subclass, whereas realization expresses that an element implements a contract specified by another element.

💡 Memory Hook

Aggregation lets the part survive; composition destroys the part with the whole.

📖 7. UML Data Types and Extensions

★ Must-know

• UML primitive types include:
  • Integer
  • Boolean
  • String
  • Real
  • UnlimitedNatural

📌 An enumeration is a finite set of named values, whereas a structured data type is a compound type defined by combining other data types.

• The three extension mechanisms are:
  • stereotypes
  • tagged values
  • constraints

Further detail

• UML collection types include:

  • Set
  • Bag
  • Sequence
  • OrderedSet

• UML does not define Date as a built-in primitive type; Date is taken from a standard library.

💡 Memory Hook

S-T-C: Stereotype, Tagged value, Constraint

📖 8. UML Diagrams and Views

📝 Essential Points

• UML 2.0 defined 13 diagram types, and UML 2.2 added the Profile diagram, resulting in 14 types.

• The structural diagrams are:

  • Class
  • Object
  • Package
  • Component
  • Deployment
  • Composite Structure
  • Profile

• The behavioral diagrams are:

  • Use Case
  • Activity
  • State Machine
  • Sequence
  • Communication
  • Timing
  • Interaction Overview

• The views are (Kruchten):
  • use-case
  • logical
  • process
  • implementation
  • deployment

💡 Memory Hook

Structural diagrams describe what exists, whereas behavioral diagrams describe what happens.

📖 9. Modeling Tools and Case Study

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• CASE tool : A CASE tool supports standardized diagram drawing, consistency checking, code generation, documentation generation, and reverse engineering of source code.

★ Must-know

• 🔄 Basic tool use consists of:
  1. creating a project
  2. creating a diagram
  3. dragging elements from the palette
  4. naming them
  5. saving or exporting the result

Further detail

• Rational Rose is a classic IBM Rational tool associated with RUP, while Visual Paradigm is a modern tool supporting UML 2.x and offering a free Community edition for students.

• The case study covers:

  • books
  • readers
  • borrowing and returning
  • searching
  • reports
  • overdue processing

💡 Memory Hook

Create project → create diagram → place elements → name → save/export

📊 Synthesis Tables

Structured and Object-Oriented Approaches

Dimension	Structured approach	Object-oriented approach
Unit of decomposition	Function or process	Object containing data and behavior
Data and processing	Separated	Encapsulated
Typical models	BFD, DFD, ERD	Use-case, class, interaction diagrams
Reuse	Difficult and procedural	Higher through inheritance, encapsulation, and packages
Maintenance	Harder for large systems	Easier through local modification