Study sheet: Food, Interests, Professions and Sports

📋 Course Outline

1. Welcome Language and Grammar
2. Creatures and Animal Environments
3. Healthy Lifestyles and Food
4. Food Experiences and Writing
5. Changing Interests and Culture
6. Professions and World Sports
7. Sports Comparisons and Forces
8. Future Plans and Climate Change
9. Styles, Reported Speech, and Fashion Waste
10. Catching Up With Friends
11. Social Norms and Obligations
12. Sports Vocabulary and Comparisons
13. Adventure Plans and Predictions
14. Future Plans and Environments
15. Clothing and Reported Speech
16. Recent Events and Advice
17. Perfect Forms and Modal Verbs

📖 1. Welcome Language and Grammar

★ Must-know

📌 The Simple Present describes usual or repeated actions, whereas the Present Progressive describes actions happening now or during a temporary period.

📌 The Simple Past describes completed past actions, whereas the Past Progressive describes an action in progress at a particular past time or when another event occurred.

Further detail

📌 Comparative forms compare two people or things, whereas superlative forms identify the person or thing with the highest or lowest degree in a group.

📌 Will, be going to, may, and might express future meaning, with may and might indicating that a future event is uncertain.

💡 Memory Hook

Simple Present describes usual actions, whereas Present Progressive describes actions happening now or temporarily.

📖 2. Creatures and Animal Environments

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Present Passive : focuses on what happens to a person or thing and is formed with a present form of be plus a past participle, as in “Insects are eaten by other animals.”
• Where Clauses : refer to a place, using is for one place and are for two or more places, as in “The desert is where camels live.”

★ Must-know

• The text presents three animal environments:

  • water-based
  • desert-based
  • forest-based

• The text identifies three kinds of animal traits:

  • body parts
  • body coverings
  • behavior

Further detail

• A camel’s furry hump stores extra food and can help the camel continue without drinking for seven months.

💡 Memory Hook

Animal traits suit an environment → they help animals survive.

📖 3. Healthy Lifestyles and Food

★ Must-know

📌 The Zero Conditional expresses general facts or consequences with a present condition and a present result, whereas the First Conditional expresses a specific possible future consequence with if plus the present tense and will plus the base verb.

• The First Conditional follows the pattern $ext{if} + ext{present tense}, ext{will} + ext{base verb}$ to express a possible future consequence.

📌 A few describes a small number of countable nouns, whereas a little describes a small quantity of uncountable nouns.

Further detail

• The food experiences text describes different food experiences around the world, including fried dough snacks with warm chocolate sauce, soup with a little meat and a few olives, and strawberries with a little chocolate sauce and honey-flavored ice cream.

💡 Memory Hook

Zero conditional states general facts, whereas First conditional predicts a specific future consequence.

📖 4. Food Experiences and Writing

★ Must-know

• The reading describes different food experiences around the world and invites readers to try interesting foods in their own towns or cities.

• 🔄 A food blog post can follow these steps:

  1. Describe what was tried
  2. Say where it was tried
  3. Describe what it tasted like
  4. Explain whether it was liked
  5. Recommend where readers can try it

Further detail

• The food writing task asks learners to record three food experiences by describing the food, where they tried it, and what they thought of it.

• The comparison includes:

  • Popular dishes
  • Common ingredients
  • Fish sauce
  • Cheese
  • Garlic
  • Dates

💡 Memory Hook

Try it → taste it → describe it

📖 5. Changing Interests and Culture

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Present perfect with for or since : describes an activity or state that began in the past and continues to the present

★ Must-know

📌 How long is used to ask about the length of time an activity has continued, and the question is formed with how long, have or has, the subject, and a past participle.

📌 For is used with an amount or period of time, such as two years, while since is used with the point when an activity began, such as February or 2010.

• Drums have existed for more than 8,000 years and are culturally important in many communities.

• The Janadriyah festival, which celebrates Saudi culture through traditional music, dance, crafts, and camel racing, was first celebrated in 1985.

Further detail

• Mona has been a member of a traditional Saudi band for three weeks, has taken chess classes, and invites Nouf to her concert next month.

💡 Memory Hook

Before versus now: interests can change over time

📖 6. Professions and World Sports

★ Must-know

📌 Restrictive relative clauses identify a specific person or thing without commas, using who or that for people and which or that for things.

📌 The simple past describes a completed short action, while the past progressive describes an action that was continuing when another action happened, often with when or while.

• A phishing attack tricks people into giving away personal information, often through a message or link that appears to come from someone they know.

• A safe response to a suspicious message is to:

  • Close or delete the message
  • Avoid clicking its links
  • Tell a trusted person
  • Change passwords if an account may have been hacked

📌 Comparative adjectives compare one person, thing, or activity with another, while superlative adjectives compare one item with a group.

📌 The expression as ... as shows that two things are at the same level, while not as ... as shows that the first thing is at a lower level.

Further detail

• In the sports comparison, snowboarding is described as the most exciting sport, cycling as the most tiring, volleyball as a team sport requiring communication, and golf as the least exciting for the writer.

💡 Memory Hook

Different jobs and sports have different roles, skills, and levels of difficulty

📖 7. Sports Comparisons and Forces

★ Must-know

📌 Snowboarding was more dangerous and more exciting than cycling, while cycling was less dangerous but more tiring.

• In volleyball, players must communicate well, use only their hands to hit the ball, and prevent the ball from touching the ground.

• The five forces are:

  • applied force
  • gravity force
  • friction force
  • tension force
  • spring force

Further detail

• In golf, applying more force to the ball makes it travel farther.

💡 Memory Hook

Snowboarding is exciting and dangerous, whereas cycling is tiring but less dangerous.

📖 8. Future Plans and Climate Change

★ Must-know

📌 The simple present describes something scheduled by someone else, the present progressive describes a personal plan or arrangement, will describes an offer, promise, or prediction without evidence, and be going to describes a plan or prediction with evidence.

📌 Weather is the changing condition of the atmosphere, whereas climate is the general temperature of a part of the world over time.

• Scientists predict that temperatures will rise, ice will melt, sea levels will rise, ocean temperatures may change, polar animals may lose homes and food, and big cities may experience more storms and fog.

Further detail

• The Saudi Green Initiative is a national initiative that aims to combat climate change, improve quality of life, and protect the environment for future generations in Saudi Arabia.

💡 Memory Hook

scheduled event → personal arrangement → will prediction → evidence-based going to prediction

📖 9. Styles, Reported Speech, and Fashion Waste

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Fast fashion : the production of cheap, low-quality clothes that change every season and are bought and replaced quickly

★ Must-know

📌 In reported speech, the simple present usually changes to the simple past, the present progressive changes to the past progressive, and pronouns change to match the reported speaker and listener.

📌 Reported yes-or-no questions use asked if, while reported information questions use asked followed by the question word and statement word order.

• About one garbage truck full of textiles is thrown away every second.

Further detail

• Ways to reduce clothing waste include:
  • repairing clothes
  • passing clothes to younger family members
  • buying from second-hand stores
  • buying high-quality durable clothes

💡 Memory Hook

Fast fashion → clothing waste → climate and ocean harm.

📖 10. Catching Up With Friends

★ Must-know

📌 If Amal does not get the scholarship, she can borrow materials from her friend.

• Amal has never applied for a scholarship before and has not yet received the result of her application.

• To make a poster about how friends' plans have changed, choose the friends, write questions, ask them and record their answers, organize the information, add images and color, and present the poster to the group.

Further detail

• Amal thinks her art class is expensive because students need special paper, pencils, and tools for different art styles.

• Amal's classmates are friendly and interesting, including an assistant to a famous scientist and a person who is very good at writing poetry.

💡 Memory Hook

Ask, answer, and share plans

📖 11. Social Norms and Obligations

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Social norms : Collectively agreed-on actions and reactions that make the world a friendlier place.

★ Must-know

• Young children learn social norms by observing their parents and continue learning them at school and during play.

• Everyone in society helps decide which social norms are important.

• Social norms are important to teenagers because they help them keep friends and fit in.

• During a pandemic, people must:

  • Wear a face mask in public
  • Sneeze into their elbow instead of their hand
  • Keep social distance

• When eating, people should:

  • Eat with their mouths closed
  • Avoid talking with their mouths full
  • Clear away their dishes after finishing

Further detail

• At school, students should:
  • Take turns and include everyone
  • Listen to others
  • Be interested in people's differences

💡 Memory Hook

Shared agreement → friendlier social behavior

📖 12. Sports Vocabulary and Comparisons

★ Must-know

• Sports vocabulary in this unit includes:
  • match
  • race
  • stadium
  • team
  • ticket
  • tire
  • volleyball
  • whistle
  • winner
  • quiz

📌 Comparative adjectives compare two people, things, or activities, while superlative adjectives identify the most or least extreme member of a group.

• Comparisons use patterns such as “more quickly than,” “better than,” “the fastest,” and “the most exciting.”

• Equality and inequality use the pattern “as + adjective or adverb + as,” as in “Cycling is not as dangerous as snowboarding.”

Further detail

• Sports and activities mentioned include:

  • football
  • volleyball
  • golf
  • cycling
  • snowboarding
  • ice skating
  • skiing

• In the sports-day example, Faiz ran faster than most classmates but was not as fast as Ibrahim, while Qassim jumped the highest and Khalid won the cycling competition.

💡 Memory Hook

Comparatives compare two things, while superlatives identify the highest or lowest in a group.

📖 13. Adventure Plans and Predictions

★ Must-know

• Environment and adventure vocabulary includes:
  • bridge
  • castle
  • stream
  • hill
  • cave
  • ocean
  • fog
  • air
  • north
  • south

📌 The unit uses will for offers and promises, be going to for plans or arrangements and predictions based on evidence, and the present simple for scheduled events.

• Possibility is expressed with may, might, or could, as in “It might be foggy,” “We may need coats,” and “The castle could be open.”

Further detail

• 🔄 An adventure route can be described in sequence by:

  1. following a path
  2. crossing a bridge
  3. turning in a direction
  4. reaching a destination

• Weather descriptions in the unit include:

  • foggy
  • sunny
  • warm
  • rainy
  • changeable
  • stormy
  • cloudy
  • snowy

• The weather report predicts fog in the north, hot and sunny weather in the south, changeable weather and a possible storm in the west, and snow in the east.

💡 Memory Hook

Plan or schedule → prediction, offer, or promise.

📖 14. Future Plans and Environments

★ Must-know

📌 Future forms express plans and predictions, including be going to, will, may, might, and could.

Further detail

• The four main directions are north, south, east, and west.

• To reach the cave, travelers follow the path through the forest, turn left at the bridge, and continue until they see the cave.

• A cave may contain a stream, and the stream may be very deep and cold.

💡 Memory Hook

Direction → place → plan → prediction

📖 15. Clothing and Reported Speech

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Reported speech : Conveys what another person said or told someone, with examples such as “He said he was buying clothes” and “He told me he needed new sneakers.”
• Reported questions : Reported questions use if for yes-or-no questions and question words such as what, where, how, and why for information questions.

★ Must-know

• The named clothing and accessories include:

  • sunglasses
  • gloves
  • pajamas
  • flip-flops
  • bracelets
  • sneakers
  • pockets
  • stripes

• The unit describes clothing for different seasons: flip-flops and sunglasses for warm summer weather, pajamas for colder weather, sneakers for running in fall, and gloves for winter.

📌 In reported speech, present forms commonly shift into past forms, such as “I am trying” becoming “he was trying” and “I want” becoming “he wanted.”

Further detail

• The fashion advice includes:
  • Clothes do not need to be unique
  • Baggy clothes can be comfortable
  • Expensive clothes are not always better
  • Choose the most comfortable size

💡 Memory Hook

said = statement; told = statement addressed to someone

📖 16. Recent Events and Advice

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Present perfect : The present perfect connects a past action or experience with the present and is formed with have or has plus a past participle.
• Modal verbs : Modal verbs express meanings such as ability, possibility, advice, permission, and obligation.

★ Must-know

• The unit uses these present-perfect adverbs:

  • already
  • just
  • ever
  • never
  • yet

• The modal verbs are used as follows:

  • should for advice
  • could for possibility or a gentle suggestion
  • can for ability or permission
  • must for obligation
  • have to for obligation

Further detail

• Ways to improve grades include:

  • Joining a study group
  • Doing extra homework
  • Taking extra classes

• A scholarship can help a student pay for an expensive summer class.

💡 Memory Hook

Present perfect links past actions to now; modal verbs express advice, ability, or obligation

📖 17. Perfect Forms and Modal Verbs

★ Must-know

• The present perfect combines have or has with a past participle to talk about recent events or experiences connected with the present.

• Already and just describe events that have happened, while yet is used mainly in questions and negative statements about events expected by the present.

• Ever asks whether an experience has happened at any time, while never states that an experience has not happened at any time.

• Can expresses present ability or permission, could expresses possibility or a less direct ability or request, and should expresses advice.

• Must and have to express obligation, while can expresses ability or permission rather than obligation.

Further detail

📌 After a modal verb such as can, could, should, or must, the main verb remains in its base form, as in “should join” and “can do.”

💡 Memory Hook

Perfect markers locate events in time, whereas modal verbs express ability, advice, or obligation.

📊 Synthesis Tables

Conditional Forms

Form	Meaning	Example pattern
Zero Conditional	General fact or consequence	If + present, present
First Conditional	Specific possible future consequence	If + present, will + base verb

Grammar contrasts

Structure	Use	Example from the course
For	An amount or period of time	for two years
Since	The starting point of an activity	since February
Comparative	Comparison of two items	more exciting than
Superlative	Comparison with a group	the most exciting