When and where did the Baroque movement originate and spread?
It dominated Europe from 1600 to 1750, originating in Italy and later spreading across Europe.
Which work and year marked a decisive change toward a positive, analytical account of Baroque?
Heinrich Wölfflin’s *Renaissance and Baroque*, published in 1888.
When and where did the Council of Trent meet?
In Trent from 1545 to 1563.
Which challenges prompted the Council of Trent?
The theological and ecclesiastical challenges of the Reformation.
What emotional effect did Trent’s artistic principles require artworks to produce?
They had to arouse viewers’ emotions.
How were emotions meant to serve religious art under Trent’s principles?
They fostered religious feeling and a particular form of devotion.
How does Baroque art use entertainment to engage viewers?
To educate and guide them.
What did Baroque artists seek to erase to create a unified impression?
Clear boundaries between the arts.
What visual impression does Baroque architecture aim to create?
A monumental, dynamic impression that impresses viewers.
Which forms commonly ornament Baroque architectural facades?
Niches, richly ornamented columns, and volutes.
Which techniques heightened drama and pathos in Baroque painting?
Strong color, radical perspective, deep space, diagonals, light-dark contrasts, emphatic gestures, and movement.
What qualities characterize Baroque sculpture’s forms and modeling?
Full-bodied forms, turbulent drapery, forceful movement, and deep modeling.
In contemporary theory, which genre ranked above still life?
History painting.
How did Caravaggio portray saints and biblical figures?
He painted ordinary people from life as saints and biblical figures.
How did Caravaggio intensify chiaroscuro?
He deepened shadows and placed the main subject in a powerful beam of light.
How does Bernini’s David engage viewers differently from a self-contained Renaissance statue?
It engages the surrounding space and an unseen opponent.
Which four arts did Bernini fuse in The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa?
Sculpture, architecture, painting, and lighting.
What religious experience does Bernini’s The Ecstasy of Saint Teresa depict?
Religious ecstasy.
How did Peter Paul Rubens help make Baroque an international style?
He bridged northern and southern European art through Flemish painting and diplomacy.
What qualities characterize Peter Paul Rubens’s paintings?
They are known for warm, brilliant color, movement, and pathos.
Who became Dutch painters’ principal source of commissions and income?
Private collectors.
What distinguishes Rembrandt’s portraits and biblical scenes?
His portraits are psychologically penetrating, and his biblical scenes offer distinctive interpretations of human experience.
Which influences shaped the development of Spanish Baroque painting?
Italian and Dutch influence.
What Dutch-influenced subject spread in Spanish Baroque painting?
Still-life painting.
What visual contrast did Caravaggio influence in Spanish Baroque painting?
Contrasts of light and darkness.
What two types of scene does Velázquez’s Las Meninas combine?
A group portrait and a genre scene.
What does the mirror in Velázquez’s Las Meninas make ambiguous?
The king and queen’s position in relation to the painted scene.
Under Louis XIV, which city replaced Rome as Europe’s principal artistic metropolis?
Paris.
How was the French court style under Louis XIV described?
Baroque classicism.
What did Nicolas Poussin emphasize over color and sensory effect?
Form and composition.
What defines Rococo’s scale and decorative character?
A refined, smaller-scale decorative style.
What inspired the name Rococo?
Rocaille, an irregular shell- and stone-like ornament.
How did Hogarth use theatrical scenes in his modern moral subjects?
To teach virtues to a broad public and criticize society.
In which year did the Great Migration of the Serbs move Serbs to Austrian territory?
1690.
Until when did Serbian zograph painters continue the older Byzantine tradition?
Into the middle of the eighteenth century.
Which monastery’s 1737 frescoes marked a new era in Serbian painting?
Bođani Monastery.
Which painter brought Baroque tendencies to a high point in Serbian art?
Teodor Kračun.
Who designed the tower and dome of the Cathedral of St Nicholas in Sremski Karlovci?
Zaharije Orfelin.
What Portuguese phrase gave rise to the word Baroque, and what does it mean?
Pérola barroca, meaning an irregularly shaped pearl or stone.
Who introduced Baroque into art history, and in which work and year?
Jacob Burckhardt, *The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy* (1860).
How did Jacob Burckhardt initially use the term Baroque?
To denote the decadence of the High Renaissance.
What conditions helped Baroque art flourish?
National monarchies and absolutist states, renewed Catholic strength, and the new role of science.
Which teachings did the Council of Trent affirm?
Catholic teaching on salvation, the biblical canon, relics, and the sacraments.
What did the Council of Trent standardize?
The celebration of Mass.
Which work expresses art’s purpose as prodesse et delectare?
Horace’s Ars Poetica.
What shapes commonly organized Baroque urban squares?
Enclosed ellipses.
Which vertical elements commonly featured in Baroque urban design?
Columns, obelisks, and fountains.
Which subjects increasingly became independent and popular in Baroque painting?
Portraiture, nudes, landscapes, and still lifes.
Around 1600, which city became the source of Baroque art?
Rome.
What did papal sponsorship aim to make Rome and glorify?
Rome the most beautiful city in the Christian world, glorifying God and the Church.
In The Calling of Saint Matthew, what carries Christ’s call to Matthew?
A beam of light.
Why were Caravaggio-influenced artists called tenebrists?
Because they used pronounced shadows.
What kinds of elements does Annibale Carracci’s Farnese Gallery ceiling combine?
Narrative scenes, painted architecture, and sculpture.
What does Bernini’s bronze baldachin beneath St Peter’s dome combine?
Architecture and sculpture.
What do the colonnades of Bernini’s square outside St Peter’s symbolize?
The embracing maternal arms of the Church.
Which plan shape does Borromini use in San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane?
An oval plan.
What surface forms create elastic movement in Borromini’s San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane?
Alternating convex and concave surfaces.
What portraiture tradition did Antoon van Dyck establish?
He established aristocratic portraiture that remained influential in England through the eighteenth century.
What gave Frans Hals’s portraits an immediate, sketch-like quality?
Rapid, visible brushstrokes.
How does Rembrandt’s Night Watch depart from customary group portraits?
It arranges the militia in moving smaller groups and uses complex lighting.
Which subjects did seventeenth-century Dutch collectors encourage artists to specialize in?
Landscapes, architectural views, still lifes, and genre scenes depicting everyday life.
How do Sánchez Cotán’s still lifes depict food and its setting?
Carefully rendered food appears against intense light and impenetrable darkness.
How does Sánchez Cotán’s still-life abundance compare with northern still lifes?
It lacks their rich abundance.
What did Velázquez study in relation to color and form?
Light and its effects on color and form.
Who designed the Louvre’s east facade?
Charles Le Brun, Louis Le Vau, and Claude Perrault.
What architectural feature characterized the center of the Louvre’s east facade?
A Roman-temple center.
When was the Louvre’s east facade completed?
Between 1667 and 1670.
Who designed the Versailles gardens, and when?
André Le Nôtre, from 1669 to 1685.
How did the Versailles gardens extend the palace’s architectural space?
Through pools, terraces, and labyrinths.
Which Watteau painting signaled a break with Poussin’s strict classicism?
Pilgrimage to Cythera.
What artistic tendency did Watteau’s Pilgrimage to Cythera revive?
Lyrical, color-centered painting.
Which architectural influences are combined in Wren’s St Paul’s Cathedral?
Classical elements with contemporary Italian and French influences.
Which classical building does St Paul’s Cathedral’s dome recall?
Bramante’s Tempietto.
In which year did Joshua Reynolds become the Royal Academy’s first president?
1768.
In which year did Christofor Žefarović publish his translation of Stemmatographia?
1741.
Which artistic influences are reflected in the Krušedol painting campaign?
Ukrainian Baroque and Western European models.
What was the title of Zaharije Orfelin’s first Serbian periodical?
Slavenoserbski Magazin.
Where did Baroque spread in the eighteenth century?
North of the Alps.
Answer 29 questions on European Baroque Art.
1. Which description best identifies the Baroque movement’s historical scope and origin?
2. What did Heinrich Wölfflin’s 1888 book Renaissance and Baroque contribute to the understanding of Baroque style?
Go over the full study guide for European Baroque Art.
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