About how many inhabitants did French Canada have by 1750?
About 80,000.
Which Indigenous people allied with British-American forces against the French?
The Iroquois.
Why did the Iroquois ally with British-American forces?
They were enemies of the French-aligned Algonquins.
When did King William’s War last?
From 1689 to 1697.
What was King William’s War called in Europe?
The War of the League of Augsburg.
When did Queen Anne’s War last?
From 1702 to 1713.
What was Queen Anne’s War called in Europe?
The War of the Spanish Succession.
When did King George’s War last?
From 1744 to 1748.
What was King George’s War called in Europe?
The War of the Austrian Succession.
What was the 1754–1763 conflict called in America?
The French and Indian War.
What was the 1754–1763 conflict called in Europe, and when did fighting run?
The Seven Years’ War, from 1756 to 1763.
What did George Washington’s 1754 encounter near Fort Duquesne help trigger?
The French and Indian War.
What tactic did the French use in guerrilla warfare?
Surprise attacks by small, concealed groups.
How did British colonists compare in number with French colonists?
They outnumbered them by more than twenty to one.
What strategic advantage did the British navy hold?
Control of the waterways.
What did Benjamin Franklin propose at the Albany Congress in June 1754?
A plan for centralized colonial rule.
Who would appoint the president under Franklin’s Albany Plan?
The king.
Who would choose the congress under Franklin’s Albany Plan?
The colonies.
Where did General Edward Braddock’s force cut a road in 1755?
Through the wilderness toward Fort Duquesne.
Who defeated the British at Fort Duquesne in 1755?
French and Indigenous fighters.
In which year did William Pitt become Britain’s effective government leader?
1757.
Who became Britain’s effective government leader in 1757?
William Pitt.
Which three-part strategy did William Pitt pursue?
Prussia handled the main European fighting, the British navy isolated French forces in America and India, and ineffective commanders were replaced with energetic officers.
In which year did James Wolfe’s troops capture Quebec?
1759.
How did James Wolfe’s troops reach Quebec during its capture?
They scaled the cliffs under cover of darkness.
In what year was the Treaty of Paris signed?
1763.
When had fighting in North America ended before the Treaty of Paris?
1760.
Which territories did France surrender to Britain under the Treaty of Paris?
Canada and its claims to the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys.
Which territory did Britain acquire from Spain under the Treaty of Paris?
Florida.
What did Pontiac and allied Indigenous forces seek by attacking British forts and settlers?
To drive settlers back across the Appalachians.
What did geographic separation from Europe encourage among colonists?
Self-reliance, ingenuity, and independence.
How did private property ownership affect many colonists’ independence?
It gave them greater personal independence.
What was the Great Awakening?
A religious revival that crossed colonial boundaries.
What did the Great Awakening foster across the colonies?
Cultural unity.
Why did colonial elected assemblies gain influence over governors?
Governors depended on the assemblies for their salaries.
What power did colonial elected assemblies hold?
Legislative power.
In which month and year did the Proclamation of 1763 prohibit settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains?
October 1763.
Why did Britain present the Proclamation Line as a way to reduce conflict?
To reduce conflict with Indigenous peoples.
How did colonists view the Proclamation Line’s effect on westward expansion?
As a barrier to westward expansion.
What did Britain expect the colonies to help pay after the French and Indian War?
War debts and the cost of troops stationed in America.
What did Britain seek after the French and Indian War?
Greater control over the colonies.
Which imported goods did the Sugar Act of 1764 tax?
Sugar, molasses, and coffee.
What was Britain’s revenue aim in enforcing the Sugar Act tariffs?
To raise revenue.
What did the Stamp Act of 1765 require on newspapers and documents?
Purchased stamps or stamped paper.
What kind of tax did the Stamp Act impose on the colonies?
The colonies’ first internal tax.
What did the Quartering Act of 1765 require colonists to provide troops?
Food and housing.
What did Parliament assert through the Declaratory Act in 1766?
Its authority to make any laws for the colonies.
What declaration ended Patrick Henry’s 1775 speech at St. John’s Church?
“Give me liberty, or give me death!”
Which goods did the Townshend Acts of 1767 tax to raise funds?
Glass, paper, and tea.
What did the Townshend Acts strengthen for customs officials?
General search warrants called writs of assistance.
What chiefly motivated colonial opposition to Parliament’s taxes?
Taxation without colonial consent or representation.
What rallying cry expressed the colonists’ objection to taxation without representation?
“No taxation without representation.”
In what year did British soldiers kill five colonists in the Boston Massacre?
1770.
In which year did Robert de LaSalle explore the Mississippi River to its mouth?
1682.
What name did Robert de LaSalle give the region in honor of Louis XIV?
Louisiana.
In which year did Samuel de Champlain found Quebec?
1608.
What did Samuel de Champlain establish by founding Quebec?
The first permanent French settlement in North America.
What made conflict between the French and English empires likely?
French expansion and English westward movement.
Why did the French force Washington to surrender at Fort Necessity?
His low-lying defenses let them fire down from nearby heights.
What advantage did French relations with Indigenous allies provide?
Stronger relations with Indigenous allies.
What advantages did the French have in warfare and colonial unity?
Greater familiarity with Indigenous warfare and disunity among the British colonies.
Why did the colonies reject Franklin’s Albany Plan?
They feared it would create an overly powerful government.
What did George Washington warn Braddock about French and Indigenous tactics?
They would not fight in the open, organized manner Braddock expected.
Which British fort was renamed Fort Pitt in honor of William Pitt?
Fort Duquesne.
Which two commanders died from wounds received during the Battle of Quebec?
James Wolfe and the Marquis de Montcalm.
Which French lands did Spain gain under the Treaty of Paris?
The lands west of the Mississippi River, including New Orleans.
How many British forts did Pontiac’s forces capture?
Eight of Britain’s twelve forts.
How many people were killed during Pontiac’s conflict?
Hundreds of soldiers and civilians.
Which European heritages were represented among British America’s settlers?
German, French, Dutch, Swedish, and Finnish.
How did many settlers of non-British heritage feel about the British king?
They had little loyalty to him.
How did land-hungry settlers respond to the Proclamation Line?
They defied it.
Which town was established in the prohibited region during the decade after the Proclamation?
Pittsburgh.
When and where did delegates meet for the Stamp Act Congress?
In October 1765, in New York.
What protests did the Sons of Liberty organize against the Stamp Act?
They organized protests against the Stamp Act.
In which year was Patrick Henry elected to Virginia’s House of Burgesses?
1765.
What did Patrick Henry denounce in 1765?
The Stamp Act.
Which biblical phrase did Patrick Henry echo in his speeches?
Jeremiah’s “peace, peace—but there is no peace.”
Whose work inspired a rhetorical question adapted in Patrick Henry’s speeches?
John Locke’s work.
What could officials do with writs of assistance?
Find and seize property or tax revenue.
How did colonists oppose the Townshend Acts?
They organized boycotts of British goods.
How did Paul Revere’s Boston Massacre engraving portray the colonists?
Sympathetically, despite being inaccurate.
Answer 32 questions on The Rising Storm.
1. Which combination of measures formed William Pitt’s strategy for the war?
2. What declaration concluded Patrick Henry’s 1775 speech at St. John’s Church?
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