Portuguese navigation expeditions — purpose?
Explore new sea routes and expand trade.
Henry the Navigator — role?
Sponsored voyages and promoted navigation.
Bartholomeu Dias — achievement?
Reached the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.
Portuguese African coast exploration — goal?
Establish outposts and control trade routes.
Bypass Muslim trade routes — motivation?
Economic interests and religious spread.
Portuguese conquest of Ceuta — significance?
Marked start of expansion along Africa’s coast.
Treaty of Tordesillas — date?
June 7, 1494.
Papal bulls — purpose?
Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal.
Dividing line — location?
370 leagues east of Cape Verde.
Second line — near?
The Philippines, 1529.
Columbian Exchange — transfer?
Goods, plants, animals, and diseases.
New crops to Europe — examples?
Potatoes, tomatoes, corn.
Animals to Americas — examples?
Horses, cattle, pigs.
Diseases spread — impact?
Devastated indigenous populations.
Conquistador — role?
Led military expeditions to conquer territories.
Hernán Cortés — conquered?
Aztec Empire in 1521.
Francisco Pizarro — conquered?
Inca Empire in 1532.
Indigenous impact — diseases?
Massive population declines due to smallpox, influenza.
Forced labor systems — examples?
Encomienda and mita.
Triangular Slave Trade — route?
Europe, Africa, Americas.
Test your knowledge with 10 questions on European Exploration and Colonization.
1. How should a European colonial power apply the principles of the Treaty of Tordesillas when establishing new territorial claims in the late 15th or early 16th century?
2. What is a key feature of the Treaty of Tordesillas?
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