What is colonialism?
A system where one country controls another territory politically, economically, and socially.
How are people arranged in a social hierarchy?
According to status, ancestry, race, birthplace, education, and wealth.
Who were the Peninsulares in the Philippines?
Spaniards born in Spain who lived or served in the Philippines.
Who were the Insulares in the Spanish colonial Philippines?
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Philippines.
Who were the Mestizos de Español?
People with mixed Spanish and Filipino ancestry.
Who were the Principalia in colonial Philippines?
Local elites with social standing who often held local authority positions.
Who were the Ilustrados in the Philippines?
Educated Filipinos with access to higher education involved in reform and nationalism.
What does racial discrimination mean?
Unequal treatment based on perceived race, ancestry, or ethnic origin.
What was Frailocracia in the colonial context?
The strong influence of Spanish friars over religion, education, politics, and local society.
Who were the friars or prayle in colonial communities?
Members of religious orders who exercised considerable influence over colonial communities and institutions.
What does Secularization mean in colonial religious terms?
The movement to transfer parishes from religious orders to secular or diocesan priests.
What defined Colonial Education during the colonial period?
Education organized within the colonial system and heavily influenced by the Church and religious orders.
What is Educational Discrimination?
Unfair treatment or restriction of educational opportunities based on social status, race, or nationality.
What was Kalakalang Galyon during the Spanish period?
A trading system connecting Manila and Acapulco.
What was the Industrial Revolution?
A period of technological and economic transformation involving mechanization and factories.
Which key technology is associated with the Industrial Revolution?
The steam engine.
What does the Suez Canal connect?
The Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea.
How did improved transportation affect political awareness?
It led to faster exchange of ideas and increased political awareness.
What did liberal ideas emphasize?
Freedom, equality, individual rights, political participation, and constitutional government.
What was Polo y Servicio in the colonial Philippines?
A system requiring Filipino men to perform forced labor for colonial projects.
What defines forced labor?
Labor performed under compulsion rather than free choice.
What was the role of the Guardia Civil in colonial times?
A colonial police force responsible for maintaining order and enforcing authority.
What did the Inquilino System involve?
Tenant farmers cultivating land controlled by landlords.
What was the Cadiz Constitution of 1812 associated with?
Liberal political ideas and constitutional government.
Which philosopher is linked to natural rights?
John Locke.
What does Pagtanggap mean in Filipino responses?
Accepting or adapting to an existing situation.
What is the definition of Resistance?
Actions taken to challenge or oppose control.
What characterizes Passive Resistance?
Opposition without direct violence or armed conflict.
Which philosopher is associated with social contract theory?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
What does Pagtakas mean in Filipino responses?
Escaping oppression or avoiding colonial authorities.
What does Paglaban mean in Filipino responses?
Actively opposing or resisting authority.
What was the Cavite Mutiny of 1872?
An uprising involving soldiers in Cavite under Spanish colonial rule.
Who are included in the collective name GOMBURZA?
Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora.
What defines a martyr?
A person who suffers or dies for a belief, principle, or cause.
What type of priests were the GOMBURZA?
Filipino secular priests.
What was the Katipunan?
A secret revolutionary organization for Philippine independence.
What did Rizal’s political approach emphasize?
Education, writing, reform, political consciousness, and a stance on revolution.
How does the Western hero concept differ from Bayani?
Western hero emphasizes individual achievement; Bayani emphasizes service to the community.
Who was Melchora Aquino and what was her role?
She was a Filipino revolutionary supporter who assisted revolutionaries.
What does a support role involve in a movement?
Providing resources like food, shelter, care, or information to participants.
Who were Doña Teodora Alonso and Paciano Rizal to José Rizal?
His mother and earliest teacher, and his older brother who influenced his political awareness.
What support did Rizal’s sisters provide?
They assisted him throughout his education and personal life.
Why was Ateneo Municipal de Manila important to Rizal?
It shaped his education and intellectual development with Jesuit discipline and excellence.
Who was Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez in Rizal’s life?
A Jesuit teacher who encouraged Rizal’s literary and poetic growth.
What educational challenges did Rizal face at the University of Santo Tomas?
He encountered traditional education and discrimination against Filipino students.
What was American colonial rule in the Philippines?
The period when the US exercised political authority over the Philippines.
What did the Brigandage Act of 1902 classify?
Certain Filipino armed resistance fighters as brigands or bandits.
What did the Jones Law provide for the Philippines?
A framework for greater Filipino participation in government and a goal of independence.
What did the Tydings-McDuffie Act of 1934 establish?
A transition toward Philippine independence including a Commonwealth period.
What was the Commonwealth in Philippine history?
A transitional government before full Philippine independence.
Who was president of the Japanese-sponsored government during the occupation?
Jose P. Laurel.
What was the Japanese Occupation of the Philippines?
The period during World War II when Japan occupied the Philippines.
What defines a puppet government?
Limited independence due to strong foreign power control.
What does the Rizal Law (Republic Act No. 1425) require in schools?
The study of Rizal’s life, works, and writings.
Who was a major advocate of the Rizal Law?
Claro M. Recto.
Which president signed Republic Act No. 1425 into law in 1956?
President Ramon Magsaysay.
What is nationalism through education?
The idea that education about national history and figures strengthens national identity.
What is the purpose of studying Rizal according to the Rizal Law?
To connect his life and works with nationalism and Filipino identity.
Test your knowledge with 34 questions on Philippine Colonial History and Rizal.
1. How does education promote nationalism according to the concept of nationalism through education?
2. What did Polo y Servicio require Filipino men to do?
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