Who headed the English Catholic Church before the Reformation?
The Pope in Rome headed it.
What distinguishes secular clergy from regular clergy?
Secular clergy are priests under bishops; regular clergy are monks and nuns in orders.
How many secular priests worked in England's parishes in the early 1500s?
Up to 40,000 secular priests worked in 9,000 parishes.
Approximately how many monks and nuns lived in England's convents and monasteries?
About 11,000 monks and nuns lived in roughly 800 convents and monasteries.
What portion of England's land did the Church own before the Reformation?
The Church owned one fifth of England's land.
What were tithes defined as in Catholic England?
Tithes were the tenth part of a crop.
What is Transubstantiation in Catholic belief?
It is the belief that bread and wine become Christ’s body and blood during the Eucharist.
How did Catholic doctrine say salvation could be obtained?
Through God’s grace and human merits expressed in good works, attendance, charity, and prayers for the dead.
What did Martin Luther and Jean Calvin reject about salvation?
They rejected that good works alone were sufficient for salvation.
What doctrine did Jean Calvin define as double predestination?
God predestined some people to salvation and others to damnation.
What did Martin Luther criticize in his 1517 Disputatio?
He criticized the Church of Rome.
Where did Jean Calvin develop Protestant theology after fleeing France?
In Geneva.
What is an indulgence in the context of the Catholic Church?
A letter certifying sins were remitted and the sinner would go to purgatory instead of Hell.
Who led the Lollards in the fourteenth century?
John Wycliff led the Lollards.
What did the Lollards criticize in the fourteenth century?
They criticized Church corruption.
What happened to the Lollards after their criticism of the Church?
They were declared heretics and persecuted.
What was the primary reason for Henry VIII's break with Rome?
It was primarily political, not a deliberate Protestant conversion.
Why did Henry VIII seek an annulment from Catherine of Aragon?
Because she bore a daughter but no son, and he wanted to marry Anne Boleyn.
Why did Henry VIII need money from the Church?
He had spent his treasury and two thirds of his funds on wars.
Which two officials helped Henry VIII break with Rome?
Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell.
What did the Act of Appeals of 1533 declare about jurisdiction in England?
Secular and religious jurisdiction came from the King.
What did the Act of Appeals of 1533 abolish regarding the Pope?
The Pope’s authority over English ecclesiastical cases.
What title did the Act of Supremacy of 1534 give Henry VIII?
The only supreme head of the Church of England.
What did the Treason Act of 1534 punish as treason?
Denial of the King’s religious supremacy.
What triggered the dissolution of the monasteries?
A survey of Church wealth called the Valor Ecclesiasticus.
What yearly revenue did Henry VIII gain from the dissolution?
About £132,000 per year in land revenue.
Where and when did the Pilgrimage of Grace begin?
In Yorkshire in 1536.
What religious requirement did every parish have in 1539?
To provide an English Bible.
What did Edward VI’s first Protestant stage remove from religious practice?
Images, statues, stained glass, pilgrimages, processions, and some feast days were removed.
What did the first Book of Common Prayer (1549) change about the Eucharist?
It made the Eucharist a commemoration rather than a repetition of Christ’s sacrifice.
What did the Act of Uniformity of 1549 enforce?
Uniform worship and liturgy throughout the kingdom.
What did the second Book of Common Prayer (1552) replace the Mass with?
The Lord’s Supper.
What did the second Book of Common Prayer (1552) replace altars with?
Wooden communion tables.
What did the second Book of Common Prayer (1552) replace wafers with?
Bread.
What became the central moment of worship in the 1552 Book of Common Prayer?
The sermon replaced the Eucharist as the central moment.
What doctrine did the Forty-Two Articles of 1553 adopt?
Calvin’s doctrine of predestination.
What did Mary I repeal during her Catholic restoration?
Protestant legislation.
What was Nicodemism under Mary I?
Hiding Protestant beliefs while outwardly conforming to Catholic worship.
How many Protestants were burned during Mary I's reign?
About 280 Protestants.
Name two Protestants burned during Mary I's reign.
Thomas Cranmer and John Hooper.
Approximately how many Marian exiles left for continental communities?
About 800 Marian exiles.
Name three cities where Marian exiles settled.
Geneva, Strasbourg, and Frankfurt.
What is another name for John Foxe's Acts and Monuments?
The Book of Martyrs.
What impact did John Foxe's Acts and Monuments have?
It portrayed Catholics as persecutors and supported Protestant propaganda.
When did Elizabeth I reign and what was her religious stance?
Elizabeth I reigned from 1558 to 1603 and was a Protestant.
What did the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity of 1559 establish?
They restored royal control over the Church and imposed uniform Protestant worship.
What title did Elizabeth hold in the Church after 1559?
Elizabeth was titled Governor of the Church rather than its Head.
How did Elizabeth’s religious settlement combine Protestant and Catholic elements?
It combined a Protestant creed with a Catholic-style episcopal structure of bishops and archbishops.
What interpretations did Elizabeth’s revised Book of Common Prayer allow?
It allowed Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist interpretations of Christ’s real presence.
What form of bread was used for communion in Elizabeth’s revised Book of Common Prayer?
Communion used wafers.
What was the theological nature of the Thirty-Nine Articles completed in 1563?
They were Calvinist in theology.
What changes occurred in the episcopacy under Elizabeth?
The episcopacy was retained and most of Mary’s bishops were replaced by Protestants.
In which year did Pope Pius V excommunicate Elizabeth I?
In 1570.
What happened to the Spanish Armada in 1588?
It was defeated after a tempest destroyed the fleet.
What was the fine for Catholic recusancy in 1559?
12 pence per Sunday.
What fine was imposed for Catholic recusancy in 1581?
£20 per month.
What did the 1585 legislation declare about priests ordained abroad?
It made remaining in England high treason.
What was Puritanism's view of Elizabeth’s Anglican settlement?
It considered it insufficiently reformed.
What did Puritan Presbyterians want to replace episcopacy with?
Consistories or synods governed by believers.
By 1603, what percentage of the population were Catholics?
About 2%.
Test your knowledge with 26 questions on The English Reformation.
1. What distinguished the Catholic Church in pre-Reformation England from the later Church of England?
2. Which description correctly distinguishes secular clergy from regular clergy in pre-Reformation England?
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