EFTA — what?
A trade organization focusing on tariffs, no political union.
UK applications to EEC — years?
1963 and 1967, vetoed by France.
1973 — UK?
Joined the EEC after negotiations.
1975 referendum — result?
67.2% voted to remain.
Thatcher — policies?
Opposed EU budget contributions, secured rebate, resisted federalism.
Maastricht Treaty — significance?
Created EU, UK got opt-outs for sovereignty.
Opt-outs — examples?
Social chapter, Euro, Schengen area.
Rise of Euroscepticism — parties?
UKIP and Better Off Group.
Cameron — 2016?
Decided to hold Brexit referendum.
2016 referendum — result?
51.9% Leave, regional divides.
Post-2016 leadership — first PM?
Theresa May.
Johnson — Brexit?
Finalized negotiations, UK's EU exit in 2020.
Advantages of Brexit — economic?
Trade independence, regulatory flexibility.
Disadvantages of Brexit — social?
Reduced cultural exchanges, research funding.
Political sovereignty — post-Brexit?
UK lawmaking independent, EU influence reduced.
Diplomatic impact — post-Brexit?
More independent, less EU influence.
Economic risks — Brexit?
Trade barriers, investment uncertainty.
Social costs — Brexit?
Less mobility, academic collaboration hurdles.
Test your knowledge with 9 questions on UK and EU Relations: A Historical Overview.
1. What does opposition to the EEC by the UK primarily reflect?
2. If a policymaker wanted to confirm the UK's official decision to stay in the EEC in 1975, what action would they most likely refer to?
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