What does a vote produce by counting individual choices?
A collective choice.
What procedure designates rulers through voting?
An election.
Which dimensions can describe suffrage?
Restricted or universal, male or female, censitary or capacitary, and direct or indirect.
In which years did the French Second Republic last?
1848–1852.
In which years did the French Second Empire last?
1852–1870.
In which years did the French Third Republic last?
1870–1940.
In which years did the French Fourth Republic last?
1946–1958.
What chronological frame does the course use for voting in France?
1848–2002.
Which event began the course’s 1848–2002 frame on 24 February 1848?
Louis-Philippe’s abdication.
Which event marked the frame’s endpoint on 21 April 2002?
Jean-Marie Le Pen’s qualification for the second round.
Which three conceptions of the people as political forces does the course distinguish?
Revolutionary, reformist, and conservative conceptions.
On what date did France organize universal male suffrage for men aged 21 or older?
5 March 1848.
When did French women gain the right to vote?
1945.
What did universal male suffrage in 1848 not grant French women?
The right to vote.
How does Laurent Le Gall describe voting?
As a social act.
What are the course’s four moments of voting?
Administrative mobilization, collective political campaigning, individual participation or abstention, and explanation of the result.
Which campaign techniques does the course identify?
Door-to-door canvassing, posters, speeches, printed ballots, and personal contacts.
Which groups could influence voters?
Family, employers, clergy, and local notables.
What did the Sénatus-consulte of 14 July 1865 allow an Algerian Muslim to acquire?
French citizenship, by relinquishing Muslim personal status.
What did the Crémieux Decree of 24 October 1870 grant Jews in Algeria?
French citizenship.
When was the indigénat regime established in Algeria?
28 June 1881.
What political effect did the indigénat regime have in Algeria?
It maintained colonial subordination without granting political equality.
What did the Jonnart Law of 4 February 1919 introduce in Algeria?
Individual naturalization while preserving Muslim personal status.
What did the Lamine Guèye Law grant to inhabitants of French colonies?
Citizenship.
How many deputies did each electoral college receive under the Algerian statute of 20 September 1947?
60 deputies.
What are alternatives to election by vote?
Hereditary succession, acclamation, coups d’état, sortition, co-optation, and appointment.
Which three electoral systems does the course distinguish?
Two-round single-member majority, one-round national list proportional, and mixed voting with a majority bonus.
How many rounds does single-member majority voting use?
Two rounds.
How is list proportional voting organized in the course?
In one national round.
What does mixed voting combine?
Proportional representation with a majority bonus.
Which principal regimes does the course identify?
The Second Empire, four republics, Vichy, and the Provisional Government.
Which symbols and events does the course associate with the revolutionary left?
The red flag, the Paris Commune of 1871, and the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Which anarchists does the course associate with the revolutionary left?
Bakunin and Kropotkin.
When was the French Communist Party created?
1920.
Which figures does the course present as major reformists?
Jean Jaurès and Léon Blum.
When did the course place the Popular Front?
1936–1938.
What political mechanism does the course link to Bonapartism?
Plebiscites.
Which movement is associated with Pierre Poujade and the years 1953–1958?
The Poujadist movement.
What share of French people could vote locally, according to the cited estimate before the 1848 reform?
33%.
At what level did the 1848 reform expand voting beyond local elections?
The national level.
What do voter registration and the electoral roll do in defining the electorate?
They serve as administrative means of defining the electorate.
How do voter registration and the electoral roll connect individuals to political citizenship?
They connect individuals to political citizenship.
What does the socio-history of voting study?
The historical conditions through which the citizen-elector is produced.
How did voters proceed during the staged vote of 30 September 1848?
They proceeded in a line.
Which work and year are associated with Laurent Le Gall’s “society of face-to-face relations”?
La société du vis-à-vis, 1848.
What could help identify voters before identity cards and standardized electoral procedures?
Face-to-face recognition.
What distinction does Laurent Le Gall make between voting regularly and engaging in politics?
Voting regularly does not necessarily mean engaging in politics.
What does abstaining necessarily indicate about a person’s political activity?
Nothing; abstaining does not necessarily mean political inactivity.
Which author associates modernized voting with individualization?
Maurice Duverger.
How does the course characterize voting influences in 1848 and 2002?
Voting was communal in 1848, while individual and communal influences could coexist in 2002.
Why did presidential and legislative elections occur in the same year in 2002?
The presidential term changed from seven years to five.
Which new political elites does the course identify amid professionalization?
Lawyers, teachers, and university professors.
What role did electoral programs acquire as politics professionalized?
They became symbolic political assets.
When does the course date voting rights in four Senegalese communes?
1857.
What condition did the course attach to the 1871 grant of voting rights?
The consent of Indigenous people.
Who was Victor Schœlcher’s formerly enslaved deputy substitute in 1848?
Louisy Mathieu.
From when to when did Blaise Diagne serve as a deputy?
From 10 May 1914 to 1934.
When did the Blum–Viollette proposal to naturalize 24 million Algerians fail?
4 March 1938.
When did the Brazzaville Conference take place?
From 30 January to 8 February 1944.
What notable event did Charles de Gaulle take part in at the Brazzaville Conference?
He delivered a speech on the French Empire.
How many Algerians did the ordinance of 4 March 1944 provide for naturalization?
65,000 Algerians.
Which four territories became French overseas departments on 19 March 1946?
Guadeloupe, Réunion, Martinique, and French Guiana.
Answer 21 questions on Voting in France and the Colonies.
1. What does a vote produce by counting individual choices?
2. In a political system, what makes a procedure an election?
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