What name is given to the first Americans?
Paleo-Indians.
When does the traditional account place migration across the Bering Strait?
Around 12,000–10,000 BC.
How did Paleo-Indians organize their communities?
They lived in bands of extended families.
Which three crops did people cultivate in central Mexico by approximately 9,000 years ago?
Corn, squash, and beans.
How did agriculture affect people's way of life in central Mexico?
It encouraged a more sedentary life.
What agricultural change did Medieval Optimum warming support between 900 and 1350 AD?
The three sisters became a main food source.
Where did the Anasazi build Great Houses between 900 and 1150 AD?
In the Southwest, especially present-day New Mexico.
Where did the Mississippian culture develop?
In the present-day Midwest and southeastern United States.
What was the largest urban center of the Mississippian culture?
Cahokia, near modern Saint Louis.
What effect did the Little Ice Age have on major Mississippian cities?
It contributed to their decline.
In 1492, whom did Christopher Columbus reach while searching for India?
The New World.
In which year did the Virginia Company establish Jamestown?
1607.
How many of Jamestown’s original colonists remained alive by January 1608?
38.
Which latitude ranges did the 1606 Virginia charter assign to the two companies?
The London Company received 34°–41°, and the Plymouth Company received 38°–45°.
How did Virginia colonists' local powers relate to their allegiance to England?
They had local governing powers and freedoms while remaining subjects of the English realm under the Crown and Virginia Company.
In what year did Virginia establish its elected General Assembly?
1619.
How many burgesses served in Virginia’s 1619 General Assembly?
22 burgesses.
What food did the Powhatan Confederacy initially trade to Jamestown for weapons?
Corn.
What crop did John Rolfe introduce to Virginia cultivation in 1611?
Tobacco.
On what date did Opechancanough lead coordinated attacks along the James River?
March 22, 1622.
What did Virginia’s 1617 headright system promise to each new arrival who paid their passage?
50 acres.
What share of 130,000 immigrants were indentured servants bound by five-to-seven-year contracts?
Between 75 and 80%.
How long did African slavery bind enslaved people to service?
For life.
In which year did about 100 Puritans sail aboard the Mayflower?
1620.
Who led the 30 Separatists aboard the Mayflower?
William Bradford.
On what date did the Mayflower Compact receive its signatures?
November 11, 1620.
How many male settlers signed the Mayflower Compact?
41.
Which work did John Winthrop deliver in 1630 describing a communal Puritan project?
A Model of Christian Charity.
What became Massachusetts Bay’s colonial legislature?
The General Court.
Which adult men could vote in Massachusetts Bay colony elections?
Adult male church members who owned property.
Which religion did Puritan governments officially recognize?
Congregationalism.
Whom did Puritans generally exclude from their religious freedom?
People outside their own church.
When did King Philip's War begin and end?
June 20, 1675, to April 12, 1678.
Which Indigenous peoples allied during King Philip's War?
The Wampanoags and Narragansetts.
When did the Salem witchcraft crisis peak?
1692.
During the 1692 Salem-area trials, how many women were hanged?
Fourteen women.
How early do recent archaeological discoveries suggest people reached the Americas?
As early as 30,000 years ago.
What tools did Paleo-Indians attach to wooden spears by about 11,500 years ago?
Fine stone projectile points.
Which large American mammal survived the Ice Age extinction described?
The buffalo.
What connected Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde as regional centers?
About 400 miles of roads.
Which trade good was especially important at Chaco Canyon and Mesa Verde?
Turquoise.
How many inhabitants lived in Cahokia?
About 20,000.
Around 1000, where did Vikings establish a settlement believed to be in Newfoundland?
Vinland.
In 1539, which peoples did Hernando De Soto encounter on his Southeast expedition?
The Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles.
In 1540, which Indigenous peoples did Francesco Vasquez de Coronado encounter?
Pueblo peoples.
In 1608, what French settlement did Samuel de Champlain found?
Quebec.
In 1682, what territory did Cavelier La Salle claim for Louis XIV?
Louisiana.
What prompted Spain to establish a settlement in Texas in 1685?
La Salle founded a French colony on the Texas coast.
What happened to the second French Huguenot South Atlantic settlement in 1565?
Spanish forces destroyed it at Jacksonville.
Who established the English Roanoke settlement between 1585 and 1590?
Sir Walter Raleigh.
What name did the English Roanoke settlement become known by?
The lost colony.
What did John Smith impose to help save Jamestown?
Military discipline.
How many of about 8,000 Virginia immigrants survived by 1624?
About 1,300.
What diplomatic gesture did Pocahontas make in 1614?
She married John Rolfe.
In what year did Pocahontas die of tuberculosis?
1616.
What did the 1646 treaty impose on Native people resisting English settlement?
Territorial loss and submission.
When did about 20 Africans arrive in Virginia aboard the White Lion?
In late August 1619.
Who owned the White Lion that brought about 20 Africans to Virginia in 1619?
Robert Rich, the second Earl of Warwick.
How many Black enslaved people were in Virginia in 1700?
16,390.
What did Virginia’s 1667 act say about baptism or conversion and enslaved people’s freedom?
Baptism or conversion did not free enslaved people.
What did Virginia’s 1669 act allow regarding enslaved people?
Corporal punishment.
Where and when did the Mayflower passengers land?
At Plymouth Rock on December 21, 1620.
In which year did the Massachusetts Bay Company receive its royal charter?
1629.
To about what population did the Great Migration bring Massachusetts Bay within roughly ten years?
About 20,000 people.
What governing institutions did Massachusetts Bay develop within twenty years?
A governor, a two-house legislature, and a judicial system.
How did groups of men obtain town grants in Massachusetts?
They applied to the General Court.
How were larger, better town plots assigned in Massachusetts?
They went to more distinguished members.
What religious duty did New England criminal codes require?
Attendance at religious services.
What did New England's population exceed by the 1670s?
70,000 people.
What drove New England settlement into the interior and migration to neighboring colonies?
Pressure on available land.
About how many witchcraft trials occurred in New England before 1690?
About 100 trials.
What often underlay New England witchcraft trials before 1690?
Longstanding disputes among neighbors in closely settled communities.
Answer 28 questions on Early American Republic.
1. What was Christopher Columbus seeking when he reached the New World in 1492?
2. Which description correctly identifies the dates and Indigenous alliance associated with King Philip's War?
Go over the full study guide for Early American Republic.
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