What economic system developed in the North?
An industrial, wage-labor economy.
What labor and export supported wealthy Southern plantation owners?
Enslaved labor and cotton exports.
How did Southern slaveholders view slavery’s role in their wealth and political power?
They regarded it as essential to both.
What did the 1820 Missouri Compromise establish about Missouri and Maine?
Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine as a free state.
What slavery restriction did the 1820 Missouri Compromise impose?
It barred slavery in most Louisiana Purchase lands north of 36°30′.
What did the 1850 Compromise establish about California?
California entered the Union as a free state.
What effect did the strengthened Fugitive Slave Act have on Northerners?
It angered many Northerners.
How did the 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act address slavery in the territories?
It used popular sovereignty to reopen territory to possible slavery.
What did the Supreme Court rule about slavery in federal territories in Dred Scott?
Congress could not prohibit slavery in federal territories.
What did repeated political compromises often do instead of resolving the dispute?
They postponed the dispute.
How did contradictory policies and court rulings affect national institutions?
They eroded trust in national institutions and made further compromise harder.
What did the Mexican-American War bring from 1846 to 1848?
New western territories.
What was the 1854–1859 violence between Kansas settlers called?
Bleeding Kansas.
What political danger did each potential new state pose in Congress?
A threat to the political balance.
What did westward expansion repeatedly cause nationally?
National crises and sometimes violence.
Who attempted an antislavery uprising at Harpers Ferry, and when?
John Brown attempted it in 1859.
What did John Brown’s 1859 Harpers Ferry uprising heighten in the South?
Southern fears.
As sectionalism grew, which loyalties increasingly outweighed national loyalty?
Loyalty to the North or South.
What did proslavery leaders fear growing antislavery sentiment would threaten?
Their interests and the slaveholding order.
In which month and year was Abraham Lincoln elected president?
November 1860.
What was Abraham Lincoln’s position on slavery in existing slave states?
He opposed its expansion, not its immediate abolition.
In December 1860, which state seceded first?
South Carolina.
How many additional states seceded before Lincoln’s inauguration?
Six.
What event began the war in April 1861?
The Confederate bombardment of Fort Sumter.
What was the fundamental cause of the war?
Slavery.
What should a strong essay introduction define and state?
The debate and a judgement.
What structure should essay body paragraphs use to develop a claim?
Point, Evidence, Explain, and Link (PEEL).
What should an essay conclusion do with the causes?
Rank them.
Which causes should an essay conclusion identify as long-term roots?
Slavery and sectional divisions.
Which causes should an essay conclusion identify as accelerators?
Territorial expansion and failed compromises.
Which events should an essay conclusion identify as immediate triggers?
The election, secession, and Fort Sumter.
What did the 1793 cotton gin make faster?
Cotton processing.
How did the cotton gin affect slavery’s expansion?
It encouraged slavery’s expansion.
Where did cotton plantations expand, and what port became major?
Plantations expanded across the Deep South, and New Orleans became a major trading port.
What did the 1787 Three-Fifths Compromise count enslaved people as for representation?
Three-fifths of a person.
How did Northern textile mills and merchants benefit from Southern cotton?
They profited from Southern cotton, making the economies interdependent.
In which year did the Louisiana Purchase greatly expand U.S. territory?
1803.
Which author popularized Manifest Destiny in 1845?
John O'Sullivan.
What idea did John O'Sullivan popularize as Manifest Destiny?
The United States was destined to expand across the continent.
What did the 1848–1849 California Gold Rush accelerate besides migration?
California’s push toward statehood.
Which abolitionists publicly campaigned against slavery?
Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison.
Who wrote *Uncle Tom’s Cabin*, and in what year was it published?
Harriet Beecher Stowe published it in 1852.
What did *Uncle Tom’s Cabin* spread in 1852?
Antislavery sentiment.
How did religious views on slavery differ among Christians?
Many Quakers and other Christians condemned slavery, while some Southern defenders invoked religion to justify it.
In 1854, what opposition drove the Republican Party’s growth?
The expansion of slavery into western territories.
What did the 1858 Lincoln-Douglas debates publicize nationally?
Disagreements over slavery’s expansion.
Which phrase can explain why a factor was significant in an essay?
“This was significant because…”
Which phrase can qualify a factor’s explanatory power in an essay?
“However, this factor alone cannot explain…”
Answer 18 questions on Causes of the American Civil War.
1. Which economic contrast deepened the divide between the North and the South?
2. Why did Southern slaveholders often resist efforts to limit slavery?
Go over the full study guide for Causes of the American Civil War.
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