What two roles define a pedagogue?
An educational practitioner and a theorist of educational practice.
What did New Education pedagogues seek to make pupils do more actively?
Participate in their own learning.
Which kinds of development does New Education include?
Intellectual, artistic, physical, manual, and social development.
Who developed the Montessori method, and what was her profession and nationality?
Maria Montessori was an Italian physician who became a pedagogue.
Who was initially intended to benefit from Montessori’s method?
Children with disabilities.
In which year and city did Montessori open the Casa dei Bambini?
1907, in Rome.
What phrase expresses Montessori’s principle of autonomy?
“Help me do it myself.”
How does independence develop in Montessori education?
Gradually through adult support.
What guides a child’s freedom to choose activities in Montessori education?
A prepared environment and shared rules.
What does the Montessori adult do to support the child’s learning?
Prepares the environment, presents materials, observes, supports learning, and intervenes when necessary.
What sequence does a child follow with an activity in a Montessori classroom?
The child chooses a presented activity, works with it, then puts it away.
What are Montessori materials designed to support?
Hands-on learning toward a specific goal.
How can some Montessori materials help children evaluate their work?
They help children identify errors and assess their own work.
What were Célestin Freinet’s lifespan dates?
1896–1966.
What educational purpose did Célestin Freinet seek for school?
A means of emancipation, especially for children from popular backgrounds.
In which year did Freinet introduce printing into his classroom?
1924.
What stages make up experimental groping in Freinet pedagogy?
It begins with a question or surprise, followed by searching, discussion, experimentation, and rule development.
What do Freinet’s free-text and printing practices enable pupils to do?
They enable pupils to create and print meaningful texts for sharing.
Where did the Reggio Emilia approach develop, and who established its first preschool?
It developed in Reggio Emilia’s municipal nurseries and preschools after Villa Cella residents created and self-managed a preschool.
How does Reggio Emilia regard the child’s civic status?
As a full citizen.
Which practices does Reggio Emilia value in education?
Listening, dialogue, participation, and co-education among parents, children, and teachers.
How does the Reggio Emilia approach characterize children as learners?
They are competent, creative, active, curious, and seeking meaning.
What educational role do environment and architecture have in the Reggio Emilia approach?
They are part of education.
What does the “Hundred Languages of Children” metaphor describe?
The many ways children express themselves, communicate, and understand the world.
What guides the development of a Reggio Emilia project?
Children’s interests and questions.
What materials make up Reggio Emilia documentation?
Notes, photographs, videos, and children’s work.
What does Reggio Emilia documentation make visible?
Children’s learning.
What does Montessori emphasize in its approach to learning?
Individual choice, pace, prepared sensory materials, and adult observation.
What does Freinet emphasize in its approach to learning?
Pupil production, cooperation, inquiry, and real work.
What does Reggio Emilia emphasize in its approach to learning?
The competent child, projects, creativity, and documentation.
What do Montessori adults do to support learning?
They prepare the environment and present materials.
How do Freinet teachers support learning?
They organize cooperative work and accompany inquiry.
How do Reggio Emilia educators support learning and families?
They listen, document, support creativity, and dialogue with families.
What do the three pedagogies share about children's learning?
Children participate actively in learning.
Why are the three pedagogies not interchangeable?
They have distinct contexts, foundations, values, and tools.
Why is an educational method not a universal recipe?
It arises in a particular historical period and social setting.
In which year did Cecil Reddie open Abbotsholme?
1889.
What did Cecil Reddie emphasize at Abbotsholme?
Practical teaching, manual work, and moral education.
In which year was the International League for New Education founded?
1921.
What was the International League for New Education founded to enable?
Pedagogues to meet and exchange practices.
What characterizes Montessori sensitive periods?
The child is especially receptive to particular learning.
How are furniture and materials arranged in Montessori classrooms?
They are accessible and child-sized.
Which learning areas may Montessori classroom spaces include?
Practical life, reading, arts, mathematics, sciences, and geography.
What does a child do with the manipulation tray in the course example?
Repeats the activity at their own pace.
When does the educator help a child using the manipulation tray?
If the child requests help or needs it.
What criticism is sometimes made of private Montessori schools?
Some are considered costly.
How did Freinet’s First World War experience influence his thinking?
It influenced his thinking about social justice, peace, and school organization.
In which year did Freinet open the privately run school at Vence?
1935.
What name did the Freinet movement adopt in 1947?
Institut coopératif de l’École moderne (ICEM).
What does school correspondence circulate between classes?
Pupils’ work.
What kind of communication does school correspondence create?
Authentic communication.
How is a Freinet work plan organized across the week?
The pupil organizes it with the teacher, combining personal and collective projects.
What do Freinet self-assessments and certificates emphasize?
Progress and competencies.
What does Freinet assessment avoid relying on exclusively?
Marks and rankings.
Which three inspirations are highlighted in the course on Freinet pedagogy?
The libertarian movement, the Russian Revolution, and New Education.
What political purpose inspired the founding of the Villa Cella preschool?
Its founders hoped education and democracy would prevent fascism’s return.
In which year did Reggio Emilia’s first municipal preschool, Robinson Crusoe, open?
1963.
What happened in 1994 to Malaguzzi and Reggio Children?
Malaguzzi died, and Reggio Children was created a few months later.
How many teachers work with each Reggio Emilia class group over several years?
Two teachers work as a complementary pair.
What does the atelierista support in Reggio Emilia?
Children’s artistic expression in the studio.
What does the pedagogista coordinate in Reggio Emilia?
Pedagogical coherence, family relations, and analysis of practice.
How does the course characterize Reggio Emilia’s educational philosophy?
As an evolving philosophy, not a fixed method based on a single material.
Answer 15 questions on Maria Montessori.
1. Which criticism did New Education pedagogues make of conventional schooling?
2. New Education’s educational aims include:
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