Study sheet: A&P 1 Midterm Practical

📋 Course Outline

1. Cell Organelles and Membranes
2. Tissues and Membrane Transport
3. Long Bone Anatomy
4. Compact Bone Histology
5. Body Regions and Systems
6. Skin Layers and Structures
7. Skull Bones and Landmarks
8. Organs Cavities and Planes

📖 1. Cell Organelles and Membranes

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum : an internal membrane system with ribosomes on its surface where proteins are assembled

📝 Essential Points

• The word bank identifies the nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, peroxisome, plasma membrane, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, centrioles, microvilli, cilia, and vesicle as cell structures.

• Centrioles are the organelles responsible for organizing the mitotic spindle during mitosis.

📖 2. Tissues and Membrane Transport

★ Must-know

• The tissue word bank includes simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and pseudostratified columnar epithelia.

• The connective tissues listed are:

  • hyaline cartilage
  • fibrocartilage
  • elastic cartilage
  • dense regular connective tissue
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • elastic connective tissue
  • areolar connective tissue
  • adipose connective tissue
  • osseous tissue
  • blood tissue

• The epidermis is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.

• The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.

Further detail

• The transport concepts listed are:
  • active transport
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • vesicular transport
  • osmosis
  • isotonic conditions

💡 Memory Hook

Simple versus stratified: one layer versus multiple layers.

📖 3. Long Bone Anatomy

★ Must-know

• The long-bone word bank includes red bone marrow, yellow bone marrow, articular cartilage, hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, nutrient artery, compact bone, spongy bone, medullary cavity, epiphyseal plate, epiphyseal line, proximal epiphysis, distal epiphysis, diaphysis, perforating fibers, periosteum, endosteum, and osteon.

• The named long-bone regions are:

  • proximal epiphysis
  • distal epiphysis
  • diaphysis

Further detail

📌 The epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line are distinct long-bone structures listed for identification.

📖 4. Compact Bone Histology

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Osteon : the functional unit of compact bone
• Canaliculi : narrow passages that connect osteocytes to a blood supply and to one another

★ Must-know

• Osteons are made of several circular layers called lamellae.

Further detail

• The compact-bone structures listed are:
  • osteocytes
  • osteoblasts
  • lacunae
  • lamellae
  • periosteum
  • endosteum
  • perforating fibers
  • perforating canals
  • central canals
  • canaliculi

💡 Memory Hook

Osteon → lamellae → lacunae → canaliculi.

📖 5. Body Regions and Systems

📝 Essential Points

• The listed anatomical regions include:

  • abdominal
  • acromial
  • antebrachial
  • antecubital
  • axillary
  • brachial
  • buccal
  • carpal
  • cervical
  • coxal

• The endocrine system sends chemical messages through the bloodstream to target specific organs.

• The kidneys are part of the urinary system.

• The integumentary system retains body fluids, protects against disease, eliminates waste products, and regulates body temperature.

📖 6. Skin Layers and Structures

📝 Essential Points

• The listed skin structures are:

  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • stratum granulosum
  • stratum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
  • papillary layer
  • reticular layer
  • sebaceous gland
  • sudoriferous gland
  • arrector pili muscle

• 🔄 From deep to superficial, the epidermal strata are:

  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum

• The arrector pili muscle is the skin structure responsible for forming goose bumps.

💡 Memory Hook

Basale → spinosum → granulosum → lucidum → corneum.

📖 7. Skull Bones and Landmarks

📝 Essential Points

• The listed skull bones include:

  • frontal bone
  • parietal bone
  • occipital bone
  • temporal bone
  • zygomatic bone
  • lacrimal bone
  • ethmoid bone
  • vomer bone
  • palatine bone
  • sphenoid bone

• The listed skull landmarks include:

  • mastoid process
  • external acoustic meatus
  • optic canal
  • occipital condyle
  • crista galli
  • cribriform plate
  • perpendicular plate
  • middle nasal conchae
  • mental foramen
  • palatine process

📖 8. Organs Cavities and Planes

📝 Essential Points

• The parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity wall.

• The pelvic cavity contains most of the reproductive organs.

• The listed organs are:

  • lungs
  • small intestine
  • diaphragm
  • pancreas
  • gallbladder
  • trachea
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • heart
  • large intestine

• The listed anatomical planes are:

  • sagittal plane
  • coronal plane
  • transverse plane