How many people died in the first three days of the 1854 cholera outbreak?
127 people died in the first three days.
How many people died by the end of the 1854 cholera outbreak?
More than 600 people died by the end.
What did the Miasmatic theory claim about disease transmission?
Disease was transmitted by a miasma or cloud near the earth's surface.
Who showed the link between cholera and contaminated water in 1854?
John Snow demonstrated the association.
What methods did John Snow use to describe the cholera outbreak?
Mapping and data tables.
What public health action did John Snow recommend during the cholera outbreak?
A measure to prevent disease.
What was John Snow's profession?
An English anesthesiologist.
What did John Snow innovate in epidemiology?
Key epidemiologic methods still used today.
What is public health aimed at reducing and improving?
Reducing mortality and morbidity while improving population health.
What does public health primarily focus on compared to clinical medicine?
Prevention and populations.
What does clinical medicine primarily focus on compared to public health?
Treatment and individuals.
What does mortality mean?
Death.
What does morbidity mean?
Disease or injury.
What is epidemiology?
The scientific study of disease distribution and its influencing factors in populations.
What type of discipline is epidemiology?
A quantitative, hypothesis-driven discipline.
What does epidemiology collect data on?
Exposures and outcomes.
What focus does epidemiology use?
An interdisciplinary focus.
What is one application of epidemiological study results?
To prevent and control disease.
How do epidemiological studies help public health?
By identifying risk factors and exposures.
How do epidemiological studies influence policy?
They inform public health policy and planning.
What health outcome do epidemiological studies promote?
Better health.
What do epidemiologists pinpoint in public health?
Risk factors.
Whom do epidemiologists identify in terms of risk?
Individuals and populations at greatest risk.
What do epidemiologists monitor over time?
Diseases and other health-related events.
What do epidemiologists evaluate regarding health programs?
The efficacy and effectiveness of prevention and treatment programs.
What information do epidemiologists provide for health planning?
Information for decision making and program priorities.
How do epidemiologists assist public health programs?
They function as resource persons and communicate public health information.
Who is called the first epidemiologist?
Hippocrates is called the first epidemiologist.
What did Hippocrates note about malaria and yellow fever locations?
They commonly occurred in swampy areas.
What did Hippocrates argue about disease causes?
Diseases arose from natural causes and the environment, not supernatural forces.
Who was one of the founders of toxicology?
Paracelsus was one of the founders of toxicology.
What relationship did Paracelsus describe in toxicology?
He described dose-response relationships.
What specificity did Paracelsus describe about chemicals?
He described target-organ specificity of chemicals.
Who conducted the first clinical trial?
James Lind conducted the first clinical trial.
What treatment did James Lind identify as effective for scurvy?
Citrus was identified as an effective remedy.
Who founded occupational medicine and published in 1700 on workers' diseases?
Bernardino Ramazzini founded occupational medicine.
What hazards did Ramazzini consider in assessing workers' health?
Chemicals, dust, metals, repetitive or violent motions, and unnatural postures.
Who first described an environmental cause of cancer related to chimney sweeps?
Percival Pott first described this environmental cause of cancer.
What cancer did Percival Pott link to chimney sweeps?
Scrotal cancer was linked to chimney sweeps by Percival Pott.
Which legislation followed Percival Pott's discovery about chimney sweeps?
The Chimney Sweepers’ Act of 1788 followed his discovery.
Who identified handwashing as key to preventing childbed fever in 1847?
Ignaz Semmelweis identified handwashing as key to prevention.
What did Semmelweis observe caused high maternal deaths from childbed fever?
Student doctors carrying putrefied cadaver material on their hands.
Test your knowledge with 16 questions on Foundations of Epidemiology.
1. How many people living in London’s Broad Street area died during the first three days of the 1854 cholera outbreak?
2. What did John Snow’s investigation demonstrate about cholera during the 1854 outbreak?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for Foundations of Epidemiology.
See study sheet →Import your course and AI generates flashcards in 30 seconds.
Flashcard generator