Foundations of Liberalism and Conservatism

Revision sheet excerpt

Course Outline

  1. Liberalism Origins
  2. Liberal Principles
  3. Liberal Variants
  4. Liberal Practice
  5. Conservatism Origins
  6. Conservative Principles
  7. Conservative Variants
  8. Conservative Practice
  9. Socialism Origins
  10. Socialist Principles
  11. Socialist Variants
  12. Socialist Practice

1. Liberalism Origins

Key Concepts & Definitions

  • Liberalism: A political ideology emphasizing individual rights, liberty, and equality under the law, advocating limited government intervention.
  • Enlightenment: An 18th-century intellectual movement promoting reason, scientific inquiry, and individualism, which laid the foundation for liberal ideas.
  • Natural Rights: Rights inherent to all humans (life, liberty, property) that governments must protect; central to liberal thought, especially John Locke.
  • Social Contract: The theory that individuals consent to surrender some freedoms to a government in exchange for protection of their rights.
  • Freedom of Choice: The liberty for individuals to make personal decisions without undue interference, a core liberal principle.
  • Market Economy: An economic system where supply and demand determine prices and production, supported by liberals for promoting individual enterprise.

Essential Points

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Quiz preview

1. What does the term 'social contract' mean in the context of liberalism's origins?

2. Who was a key figure in developing liberal ideas centered on natural rights and government by consent during the Enlightenment?

3. Who is recognized as a key figure in the development of liberal principles, particularly for his ideas on natural rights and government by consent?

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Flashcards preview

Liberalism — origin?

Enlightenment emphasis on reason and individual rights.

Liberalism — definition?

Emphasizes individual rights, liberty, and equality.

Liberal principles — core?

Individual rights, liberty, equality, rule of law, free markets.

Enlightenment — role?

Laid intellectual foundation for liberal ideas.

Conservatism — origin?

Reaction to Enlightenment, emphasizing tradition and gradual change.

Natural Rights — examples?

Life, liberty, property.

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The quiz contains 10 multiple-choice questions with detailed corrections and explanations for each answer. Ideal for testing your knowledge and identifying gaps.

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