DNA double-helix — structure?
Two anti-parallel strands wound in a spiral.
Nucleotides — components?
Deoxyribose, organic base, phosphate.
Anti-parallel strands — significance?
Crucial for replication and function.
Sugar-phosphate backbone — formation?
Covalent bonds between sugars and phosphates.
Base pairing — rules?
A-T and C-G via hydrogen bonds.
DNA unwinding — enzyme?
Helicase unwinds the double helix.
DNA Polymerase — role?
Synthesizes new DNA strands.
Primers — function?
Provide starting points for DNA synthesis.
Leading strand — synthesis?
Continuous in the direction of unwinding.
Lagging strand — synthesis?
Discontinuous in Okazaki fragments.
PCR process — steps?
Heating, cooling, extension.
PCR — purpose?
Amplify specific DNA sequences.
Gene expression — stages?
Transcription and translation.
mRNA — role?
Carries genetic code to ribosome.
tRNA — function?
Transfers amino acids during translation.
Mutations — types?
Substitution, insertion, deletion.
Chromosome mutations — examples?
Deletion, inversion, translocation, duplication.
Natural selection — effect?
Changes in phenotype frequencies over generations.
Test your knowledge with 9 questions on Fundamentals of Genetic Structure and Function.
1. How does the anti-parallel orientation of DNA strands influence its biological function?
2. Which enzyme is responsible for synthesizing new DNA strands during DNA replication?
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