Queen Elizabeth I
Explanation
Shakespeare wrote Julius Caesar during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I, and he lived from 1564 to 1616. King James I ruled later, after Elizabeth's reign ended.
Plutarch
Explanation
Shakespeare drew inspiration from Plutarch, who wrote about Caesar’s assassination. Livy was another Roman historian, but he is not identified as the source of this inspiration.
He rules Rome and gives positions to some defeated enemies.
Explanation
Caesar rules Rome at the start of the play, and people value his generosity and the positions he gives to some defeated enemies. Restoring the republic is not what he does at the play’s beginning.
They fear he will become too powerful.
Explanation
Cassius leads the conspiracy because its members want to prevent Caesar from becoming too powerful. Their stated aim is not to install a monarchy; they fear Caesar’s growing power.
He values Rome’s republic more than his loyalty to Caesar.
Explanation
Brutus is loyal to Caesar as a leader but gives greater priority to Rome as a republic, which persuades him to join the plot. He does not join because he seeks to rule Rome himself.
Brutus condemns Caesar’s ambition, while Antony praises his generosity and leadership.
Explanation
Brutus argues that Caesar’s ambition threatened the republic, whereas Antony presents Caesar as a generous and good leader. The reverse attribution is a tempting confusion, but it swaps the two speeches’ central claims.
A novel, play, or poem that ends in death or destruction.
Explanation
A tragedy is a novel, play, or poem that ends in death or destruction. A resolution centered on marriage or reunion is characteristic of a different kind of ending.
The protagonist begins in power, commits destructive acts, and falls from grace.
Explanation
A tragic protagonist typically starts in power, has a fatal flaw or excessive pride, commits destructive acts, and falls from grace through death or loss. Escaping consequences and preserving status does not fit this typical tragic arc.
The audience knows Caesar will be killed, while Caesar and his supporters do not.
Explanation
Dramatic irony occurs when the audience knows something a character does not; here, the audience knows Caesar will be assassinated while Caesar and his supporters do not. If Caesar knew the plan and the audience did not, the knowledge gap would be reversed.
Swash moves water up the beach, while backwash carries it back down.
Explanation
Swash is the movement of a wave up the beach, and backwash is water moving back down it. A movement down the beach describes backwash, not swash.
Constructive waves, which have strong swash and weak backwash.
Explanation
Constructive waves are characterized by strong swash and weak backwash. Destructive waves have the reverse pattern, with strong backwash and weak swash.
Cave, arch, stack, and stump.
Explanation
The coastal landform sequence is cave, arch, stack, and stump. A stack forms after an arch collapses, rather than before the arch develops.
A sea wall built along the shore.
Explanation
A sea wall is identified as the strongest and most effective sea defence. Rock armour protects a cliff base with boulders, but it is not the defence described as strongest.
1517
Explanation
The Reformation began in 1517, when Martin Luther began his protest with the 95 Theses. The other dates do not mark that event.
He wanted to obtain a legitimate male heir.
Explanation
Henry VIII wanted a divorce to obtain a legitimate male heir. The Pope had given Henry the title Defender of the Faith for attacking Martin Luther’s teachings; it was not the reason for seeking a divorce.
A queen who rules in her own right.
Explanation
A queen regnant rules in her own right, as Mary I and Elizabeth I did. A queen consort, by contrast, is the wife of a king.
No aguanto.
Explanation
« No aguanto » means “I cannot stand,” as does « no soporto ». « Me gusta » expresses liking, while « prefiero » means “I prefer.”
Las gambas.
Explanation
« Las gambas » means prawns. « El bacalao » is cod, « el jamón » is ham, and « el cordero » is lamb.
La merienda
Explanation
La merienda is the Spanish name for the afternoon snack. El almuerzo refers to lunch, not an afternoon snack.
¿Qué recomienda?
Explanation
¿Qué recomienda? means “What do you recommend?” ¿Qué quiere tomar? asks what the person would like to have instead.
Releases energy from food
Explanation
Respiration is the process living organisms use to release energy from their food. Protein synthesis is carried out by ribosomes, rather than being the function of respiration.
A gene is a small DNA section coding for a characteristic; a chromosome contains many genes.
Explanation
A gene is a small section of DNA that codes for a characteristic, while a chromosome is a larger DNA section containing many genes. A chromosome is not a single-gene coding section; DNA itself has a double-helix shape.
A zygote
Explanation
The cell formed by the fusion of the male sperm gamete and female egg gamete is a zygote. A gamete is one of the reproductive cells before fusion.
Ribosomes
Explanation
Ribosomes carry out protein synthesis in the cell. Mitochondria are associated with releasing most of the energy from respiration, rather than making proteins.
Fertilisation occurs in the oviducts, and the foetus develops in the uterus.
Explanation
In mammals, fertilisation occurs in the oviducts, while the foetus develops in the uterus. The uterus is the site of foetal development, not the site of fertilisation.
On the stigma, which is part of the carpel
Explanation
During pollination, pollen lands on the stigma, which is part of the carpel. The anther belongs to the stamen, so it is not the stigma where pollen lands.
Artery, vein, and capillary
Explanation
The three blood vessel types are arteries, veins, and capillaries. Atrium and ventricle are heart chambers, while platelets and plasma are blood components.
Carbon dioxide and ethanol
Explanation
Yeast anaerobic respiration converts glucose into carbon dioxide and ethanol. Lactic acid is the product of anaerobic respiration in animals, not yeast.
A microorganism that causes disease
Explanation
A pathogen is a microorganism that causes disease. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells and are not themselves pathogens.
A protist
Explanation
Malaria is a disease caused by a protist. Bacteria, fungi, and viruses are also pathogen types, but they are not the cause identified for malaria.
Engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis
Explanation
White blood cells combat infection through phagocytosis, as well as by producing antibodies and antitoxins. Nose hairs, mucus, stomach acid, and airway cilia are barriers to infection rather than white blood cell responses.
A chemical change
Explanation
A chemical change forms new substances, so a change in composition indicates a chemical reaction. A physical change does not form new substances, even if a material changes state or appearance.
A physical change
Explanation
Melting changes water's state but forms no new substance, so it is a physical change. A chemical change would produce new substances.
A compound contains different types of atoms bonded together
Explanation
A compound consists of two or more different types of atoms bonded together. A substance made of one type of atom is an element, not a compound.
By increasing atomic number
Explanation
The modern periodic table arranges elements in order of increasing atomic number. Mendeleev's table involved changes to the ordering and gaps for undiscovered elements, but atomic number is the organizing principle of the modern table.
As an alkali
Explanation
Alkalis have pH values from 8 to 14, so a solution at pH 9 is alkaline. Neutral solutions have pH 7, while acids have pH values from 1 to 6.
A sulfate salt
Explanation
Sulfuric acid forms sulfate salts in reactions with suitable bases. Chloride salts are associated with hydrochloric acid, while nitric acid forms nitrate salts.
A salt and hydrogen
Explanation
A metal reacting with an acid produces a salt and hydrogen gas. Acid reacting with a base produces salt and water, which is a different reaction.
Crystallisation
Explanation
Crystallisation separates a soluble solid from a liquid by recovering the dissolved solid as crystals. Filtration separates an insoluble solid from a liquid, so it will not remove a dissolved solid.
Zinc displaces the less reactive metal from its compound.
Explanation
A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from a compound. The reverse displacement would require the less reactive metal to be more reactive than zinc.
Exothermic, because it transfers energy to the surroundings.
Explanation
An exothermic reaction transfers energy to its surroundings, raising their temperature. An endothermic reaction instead absorbs energy from the surroundings and lowers their temperature.
The product is a metal oxide, and oxidation is gain of oxygen.
Explanation
A metal reacting with oxygen produces a metal oxide, and oxidation is the gain of oxygen. Loss of oxygen describes reduction, not oxidation.
Power
Explanation
Power is the rate at which energy is transferred. Work describes an amount of energy transferred by a force, rather than the rate of transfer.
$$W = Fd$$
Explanation
Work done is the energy transferred by a force and is calculated by multiplying force by distance. Dividing force by distance does not give the work formula.
$$E_p = mgh$$
Explanation
Gravitational potential energy is the product of mass, gravitational field strength, and height. The expression involving half the mass and speed squared calculates kinetic energy instead.
An ammeter, then a voltmeter
Explanation
An ammeter measures current, while a voltmeter measures potential difference. Reversing the instruments would assign each measurement to the wrong device.
They repel because similar magnetic poles repel.
Explanation
Similar magnetic poles repel, so two north poles push apart. Attraction occurs between opposite poles, not between two north poles.
It becomes an induced magnet in an external magnetic field.
Explanation
An induced magnet becomes magnetic when placed in an external magnetic field. A permanent magnet, by contrast, produces its own magnetic field.
It continues at constant speed in the same direction.
Explanation
Newton’s first law states that an object continues at rest or at constant speed in the same direction unless an unbalanced force acts. The idea that motion requires a continuing forward force conflicts with this law.
Earth rotates once every 24 hours and orbits the Sun in 365.25 days.
Explanation
Earth completes one rotation in 24 hours and one orbit around the Sun in 365.25 days. The 28-day period describes the Moon’s orbit around Earth, not Earth’s orbit around the Sun.
Lock in the answers with 93 flashcards on Shakespeare and Year 8 Knowledge.
In which years did William Shakespeare live?
1564 to 1616.
Which queen was on the throne when Shakespeare wrote Julius Caesar?
Queen Elizabeth I.
When was Julius Caesar assassinated by conspirators?
On the Ides of March, 44 BC.
Go over the full study guide for Shakespeare and Year 8 Knowledge.
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