Fluid Properties and Cardiac Flow

📋 Course Outline

1. Freezing Point Depression
2. Boiling Point Elevation
3. Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
4. Tonicity and Oncotic Pressure
5. States and Structure of Water
6. Fluid Motion Principles
7. Heart and Blood Circulation
8. Cardiac Function and Turbulence

📖 1. Freezing Point Depression

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Freezing point depression : the lowering of a solvent’s freezing point when a solute is added

📝 Essential Points

• When salt is added to water, Na+ and Cl− ions attract water molecules and interfere with the formation of the large solid ice network, so the solution must be cooled to a lower temperature to freeze.

📐 Formula — The freezing point depression is calculated as $\Delta T_f=i\times K_f\times m$, where $\Delta T_f$ is the freezing point depression, $K_f$ is the solvent-dependent freezing point depression constant, $i$ is the van’t Hoff factor, and $m$ is molality.

💡 Memory Hook

Solute particles disrupt crystal formation → the solvent freezes at a lower temperature

📖 2. Boiling Point Elevation

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions