What type of cells are animal and plant cells?
Eukaryotic cells.
Where is DNA organized into chromosomes in animal and plant cells?
Inside a nucleus.
What type of cells are bacteria, and what structure do they lack?
They are prokaryotic cells and lack a nucleus.
How many cells make up a bacterium?
One cell.
How do bacteria compare in size with eukaryotic cells?
Bacteria are smaller.
What forms of DNA do bacteria contain?
A single loop of DNA and small rings called plasmids.
What does the cell membrane control?
The movement of substances into and out of the cell.
What does the nucleus contain?
DNA.
How do mitochondria release energy?
Through respiration.
Where does protein synthesis occur in a cell?
At the ribosomes.
What strengthens a plant cell?
Its cellulose cell wall.
What does the permanent vacuole contain?
Cell sap.
What do chloroplasts contain to absorb light for photosynthesis?
Chlorophyll.
When do most animal cells differentiate compared with plant cells?
Animal cells differentiate early in development; plant cells differentiate throughout their lifetime.
What does a sperm cell fertilise, and how does its tail help?
It fertilises an ovum, and its tail enables swimming.
How do sperm-cell mitochondria support swimming?
They release energy for swimming.
What does a red blood cell transport, and what shape increases its surface-area-to-volume ratio?
It transports oxygen and has a flat biconcave disc shape.
What allows a muscle cell to enable movement, and what supplies contraction energy?
It contracts and relaxes; its many mitochondria release energy for contraction.
What does a nerve cell carry, and how does its myelin sheath affect impulses?
It carries electrical impulses, and its myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds transmission.
How does a root hair cell’s long projection help it absorb materials from soil?
It increases surface area for absorption.
What does a light microscope use to view samples?
Light.
What does an electron microscope use to view samples?
A beam of electrons.
Which microscope can view living samples?
A light microscope.
How is magnification calculated from image size and actual size?
What is diffusion?
The net movement of particles from higher to lower concentration without energy from respiration.
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.
What is active transport?
The movement of particles against a concentration gradient using energy released by respiration.
Which transport processes do not require energy?
Diffusion and osmosis.
Where do chemical reactions happen in a cell?
In the cytoplasm.
Where is a palisade cell located to absorb the most light?
Near the top surface of the leaf.
Which microscope has higher magnification than a light microscope?
An electron microscope.
Which microscope has higher resolution than a light microscope?
An electron microscope.
Which microscope is more expensive: electron or light?
An electron microscope.
What sub-cellular structure can electron microscopes reveal but light microscopes cannot?
Ribosomes.
Which factors affect the rate of diffusion?
Concentration difference, temperature, and membrane surface area.
Where do nutrients diffuse from the human small intestine?
Into capillaries through the villi.
In human lungs, which way does oxygen diffuse?
From alveolar air into capillary blood.
In human lungs, which way does carbon dioxide diffuse?
From capillary blood into alveolar air.
In fish gills, which way does oxygen diffuse?
From water into blood in the gill filaments.
In plants, which way does photosynthesis-produced oxygen diffuse?
Out of leaves through the stomata.
How does water enter a plant root hair cell from the soil?
By osmosis from the dilute soil solution into the more concentrated cell.
How do mineral ions enter plant root hair cells from dilute soil?
By active transport against the concentration gradient.
How are sugar molecules absorbed into the blood from the small intestine when intestinal sugar concentration is lower?
By active transport.
Answer 17 questions on Cell Biology and Transport.
1. Which structure is the site of protein synthesis in a cell?
2. Which comparison correctly distinguishes how light and electron microscopes work and the samples they can examine?
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