Which four categories classify animal tissues?
Epithelial, muscle, nervous, and connective tissues.
What shape are the cells of simple squamous epithelium?
Flat.
What substances can simple squamous epithelium transport?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
How does stratified squamous epithelium protect the body?
It helps prevent pathogens from entering the body.
What are the cell shape and nuclear position of skeletal striated muscle fibers?
They are long and cylindrical, with many nuclei at the edges.
How is skeletal striated muscle contraction usually controlled?
It is almost always voluntary.
What are the cell shape and nuclear position of cardiac striated muscle?
Its branched cells have one or two central nuclei.
What connects cardiac striated muscle cells?
Intercalated discs connect them.
How do cardiac striated muscle contractions differ in speed and control?
They are fast and involuntary.
What are the shape and nuclear position of smooth muscle cells?
They are tapered at both ends and have one central nucleus.
How does smooth muscle contract in speed, duration, and control?
It contracts slowly and for a long time without voluntary control.
Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of organs.
What do neurons conduct?
Nerve impulses.
What additional function do neurons perform besides conducting impulses?
They receive stimuli from external and internal environments.
What is one function of yellow adipose tissue?
It stores reserves.
Which components make up blood?
Formed elements and plasma.
What tissue forms the epidermis?
Stratified squamous epithelium.
What structures make up the dermis?
Proper connective tissue containing blood vessels and receptors.
What tissue makes up subcutaneous tissue?
Adipose tissue.
What external factors does the skin protect against?
UV radiation, mechanical injury, chemicals, pathogens, and water loss.
Which epidermal features help protect the skin?
Many layers, compact cells, water-insoluble keratin, low pH, and melanins.
What substances do sweat glands excrete?
Excess water, urea, and mineral salts.
What skin conditions can excessive UV exposure cause?
Sunburn, skin cancers including melanoma, sun allergy, and photoaging.
What is the basic structural and functional unit of an organism?
A cell.
What defines a tissue?
A group of similarly structured cells with a common origin that performs specific functions.
What is homeostasis?
The ability to maintain relatively constant internal environmental conditions, mainly through negative feedback.
How are epithelial tissue cells arranged relative to the basement membrane?
They are closely packed on a basement membrane.
What enables muscle tissue fibers to contract?
They are elongated cells or muscle fibers that can contract.
What are the two cell types found in nervous tissue?
Neurons and glial cells.
What is one role of glial cells in nervous tissue?
They nourish neurons.
How are connective tissue cells arranged?
They are loosely arranged.
What does connective tissue contain between its cells?
Abundant intercellular substance containing protein fibers.
What shape are the cells of simple cuboidal epithelium?
Cube-shaped.
What functions does simple cuboidal epithelium perform?
It secretes and absorbs substances.
What shape are the cells of simple columnar epithelium?
Column-shaped.
What surface structures may simple columnar epithelium have?
Microvilli.
What does pseudostratified epithelium remove from air transported to the lungs?
Contaminants.
What do glial cells supply neurons with?
Nutrients.
What surrounds axons to form myelin sheaths?
Glial cells.
What cells and structures make up cartilage?
Cartilage cells in lacunae and intercellular substance containing collagen and elastic fibers.
Which mineral salts contribute hardness to bone?
Calcium salts.
What happens to cells in the cornified layer?
They die and are continuously shed.
What process produces new cells in the reproductive layer?
Mitosis.
What pigment do reproductive-layer melanocytes produce?
Melanin.
How do hair and nails protect the body?
Hair shields against environmental factors; nails protect fingertips and increase finger-pad touch sensitivity.
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum, which increases flexibility and helps protect against disease-causing bacteria and fungi.
Which glands secrete sebum, sweat, and milk, respectively?
Sebaceous, sweat, and mammary glands, respectively.
What do epidermal melanocytes produce under UV radiation?
Vitamin D₃.
Which sensations do skin receptors detect?
Pain, pressure, touch, heat, and cold.
How does the skin release excess heat or limit heat loss?
Through the actions of sweat glands and blood vessels.
What defines an organ?
A group of tissues specialized to perform specific functions.
What defines an organ system?
A group of organs that work together to perform an activity.
What does the muscular system enable?
Movement.
What does the digestive system do with food and undigested remains?
It takes in, digests, and absorbs food and removes undigested remains.
How does the nervous system coordinate the body's responses and internal organs?
It triggers responses to stimuli and coordinates internal organs.
Answer 19 questions on Human Tissues, Skin, and Organization.
1. Which four broad tissue types are used to classify animal tissues?
2. Which feature distinguishes nervous tissue from the other major animal tissue types?
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