What is perception in cognitive terms?
An active cognitive function enabling knowledge of environment and action.
What are the two main functions of perception?
Enabling action and giving meaning to the environment.
What environmental information is needed for effective action adaptation?
An object's location, position, and characteristics.
What sequence describes how perception contributes to action?
Environment, perception, information processing, and action.
What does social interaction require perceiving to adapt behavior?
Other people's intentions, emotions, facial expressions, postures, and nonverbal signals.
What did Taylor and Brown's 1988 work on positive illusions suggest?
People without psychiatric disorders may represent themselves more positively than external evaluations.
What personality traits involve an oversized ego?
Narcissistic or paranoid personality.
What ego characteristic is associated with depression?
An undersized ego and self-devaluation.
What is visual agnosia?
Difficulty recognizing visual elements despite normal vision.
What specific recognition does prosopagnosia affect?
Recognition of faces.
What does perception enable in terms of recognition?
Recognition of familiar faces, objects, and places.
What is perception in an organism?
The activity of detecting and organizing information to know and act in its environment.
What two meanings can perception have?
The process of detecting and organizing information or the final product of that process.
What defines a stimulus in sensory perception?
An intensity of energy causing a nerve impulse in a receptor axon.
What is the distal stimulus in perception?
The real physical object in the environment.
What is the proximal stimulus in perception?
Information from the object reaching sensory receptors.
What does size constancy allow in perception?
Perceiving an object as having a stable size despite retinal image changes.
What direction does bottom-up processing move in perception?
From stimulus information captured by receptors toward perceptual processing.
What does top-down processing use to interpret sensory information?
Knowledge, memories, context, expectations, and internal states.
How does top-down processing help interpret sensory information?
By using existing knowledge and expectations to complete or interpret incomplete information.
How does context affect perception of a visual stimulus?
It changes its perceptual interpretation.
What did children estimate larger in Bruner and Goodman's 1947 study?
Coins compared to same-sized cardboard disks.
Which coins were more strongly overestimated in Bruner and Goodman's study?
Higher-value coins.
Which children overestimated coin size more in Bruner and Goodman's study?
Children from poorer backgrounds.
Which study showed children overestimate coin size based on value and background?
Bruner & Goodman, Value and Need as Organizing Factors in Perception, 1947.
What did Stefanucci and Proffitt find about balcony height perception in 2009?
Heights of about 8 to 10 metres were overestimated more from above.
How did fear relate to height estimation in Stefanucci and Proffitt's 2009 study?
Greater fear was linked to greater overestimation.
Which study linked fear to overestimation of balcony heights?
Stefanucci & Proffitt, 2009.
What causes the McGurk effect in multisensory perception?
Seeing one syllable articulated while hearing another produces a fused percept.
What is proprioception?
The sense providing information about body position and movement without vision.
Which senses integrate to produce the rubber hand illusion?
Vision, touch, and proprioception.
What makes a rubber hand feel like part of one's body in the rubber hand illusion?
Synchronous visual and tactile stimulation.
Which five senses are classically recognized in humans?
Hearing, vision, touch, taste, and smell.
What do specialized receptors detect in the five classical senses?
Sound waves, light waves, mechanical energy, or chemical molecules.
What are perceptual-motor systems?
Processes linking sensory perception and motor action to produce adapted movement.
How did Gibson (1966) conceive each perceptual system?
As having both a perceptual function and a motor function.
Who proposed the 1966 conception of perceptual systems having dual functions?
James J. Gibson, 1966.
What functions does the vestibular system control?
Balance, posture, and movements of the head and eyes.
How does perception help an organism adapt behavior?
By selecting and using environmental information.
How does the ascidian larva demonstrate the link between perception and action?
It uses its nervous system and ocellus to control movement before adulthood.
What is a percept in cognitive terms?
The perceived object or form distinct from the external stimulus itself.
What does the proximal stimulus include in vision?
The image of the object formed on the retina.
What sequence does bottom-up processing follow?
Stimulus, sensory receptors, and perceptual processing.
What does the truncated-letter paradigm demonstrate about perception?
People can recognize incomplete information by combining sensory input with knowledge and expectations.
What is perceived in the size-weight illusion when two objects have the same mass but different volumes?
The smaller object is perceived as heavier.
Can the size-weight illusion occur without visual input?
Yes, it occurs even when participants are blindfolded.
What does the haptic system comprise?
Sensory and motor mechanisms enabling perception and interaction through active touch.
What is graviception?
The sensory perception of gravity and body orientation in space.
Answer 27 questions on Introduction to Perception.
1. What does perception enable an organism to do?
2. Which pair describes the two main functions of perception?
Go over the full study guide for Introduction to Perception.
Read the study guide →Upload your class notes and Revizly writes your flashcards in about a minute.
Flashcard maker