Who searched monasteries for lost ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts?
Poggio Bracciolini
What was Poggio Bracciolini's contribution to Renaissance humanism?
He helped revive interest in the classical past.
Who combined written records with Roman ruins to reconstruct the past?
Flavio Biondo
What sources did Flavio Biondo use to reconstruct Rome's past?
Written records, Roman ruins, and geography of Rome.
Who surveyed Stonehenge and Avebury creating detailed plans?
William Stukeley
What did William Stukeley create before many prehistoric monuments were damaged?
Detailed plans of prehistoric monuments
Who directed early excavations at Herculaneum and Pompeii?
Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre
What was the focus of Roque Joaquín de Alcubierre's early excavations?
Valuable objects
Who made detailed maps, plans, and records at Pompeii and Herculaneum?
Karl Jakob Weber
What did Karl Jakob Weber introduce at Pompeii and Herculaneum?
More systematic archaeological recording
Who calculated the world was created in 4004 BCE from the Bible?
Archbishop James Ussher
What does the concept of deep time explain about Earth's age?
Earth and humans are much older than biblical chronologies suggested
What did Jacques Boucher de Perthes find with stone tools?
Bones of extinct animals in ancient gravel deposits
What did Boucher de Perthes' findings prove about human existence?
Humans existed far earlier than traditional biblical chronologies allowed
What are the three ages in the Three-Age System?
Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age.
Who developed the Three-Age System for organizing artifacts?
Christian Jürgensen Thomsen.
What method did Jens Jacob Worsaae use to validate the Three-Age System?
Excavation and stratigraphy.
Who surveyed and mapped Native American earthworks in 1848?
Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis
What did Ephraim Squier and Edwin Davis publish in 1848?
Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley
Who directed the Bureau of American Ethnology?
John Wesley Powell
What fields did John Wesley Powell help establish as professional?
Anthropology and archaeology
Who helped professionalize American archaeology at Harvard's Peabody Museum?
Frederick Ward Putnam
Which act promoted federal protection of archaeological resources in 1906?
The Antiquities Act of 1906.
Who played an important role in developing the Antiquities Act of 1906?
Edgar Lee Hewett.
When was Mesa Verde National Park established?
In 1906.
Who campaigned to protect archaeological remains at Mesa Verde?
Virginia McClurg.
What method did Nels C. Nelson use to create archaeological chronologies?
Stratigraphic excavation and pottery frequencies.
What does cultural particularism, promoted by Franz Boas, reject?
The idea that all societies follow one simple evolutionary path.
Which author promoted cultural particularism?
Franz Boas.
What does settlement-pattern archaeology study across landscapes?
The locations and relationships of many settlements.
How does processual archaeology transform archaeology?
By explaining past societies through scientific investigation of human behavior and cultural change.
What technique did Patty Jo Watson use to study prehistoric diet and agriculture?
Flotation techniques to recover tiny plant remains.
What did William Longacre study to investigate prehistoric social organization?
Pottery.
Which Renaissance figure studied and measured ancient Roman buildings?
Leon Battista Alberti
What did Leon Battista Alberti encourage in the study of ancient architecture?
Careful documentation of ancient architecture.
What did Mary Anning's fossil discoveries support?
The ideas of extinction and an extremely ancient Earth
What did William Buckland study related to ancient human remains?
Caves, fossils, and the Red Lady of Paviland
What was William Buckland's initial mistake about some discoveries?
He misunderstood the age of some ancient remains
Who was the first Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution?
Joseph Henry
What did Joseph Henry encourage in archaeological research?
Scientific evidence over unsupported speculation
Who investigated Native American artifacts and mounds in the southeastern US?
The Jones Brothers, Charles C. Jones Jr. and Joseph Jones
Which scientific techniques did Florence Hawley Ellis use to make Southwestern archaeology interdisciplinary?
Dendrochronology, pottery analysis, statistics, and ethnography.
Who developed settlement-pattern archaeology through research in Peru's Virú Valley?
Gordon Willey.
Answer 22 questions on History of Archaeological Thought.
1. What does cultural particularism, associated with Franz Boas, reject?
2. What does the concept of deep time imply about Earth and human history?
Go over the full study guide for History of Archaeological Thought.
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