What is the method of loci in memory techniques?
A mnemonic strategy associating information with imagined physical locations.
How does the method of loci use spatial memory?
By mentally placing information along a familiar route to cue recall.
What did Dressler find about the method of loci in his experiment?
Participants using it recalled twice as many words as those who did not.
What is spaced repetition in memory improvement?
A strategy distributing rehearsal opportunities over time.
Why does the primacy effect occur in memory recall?
Early list items get more rehearsal time, strengthening long-term memory.
How does the recency effect differ from the primacy effect?
It depends more on short-term memory than the primacy effect.
What happens to the recency effect when a distractor task is introduced?
It disappears.
What is a model in cognitive science?
A conceptual framework to explain and understand processes like memory.
What defines a cognitive process?
A mental process occurring in the mind, not always visible.
Who proposed the multistore model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin.
In which year was the multistore model of memory proposed?
1968.
Why are scientific models or theories developed?
To explain processes.
How are scientific models or theories tested?
Through experiments or empirical evidence.
What is neuroplasticity?
The brain's capacity to change via synaptic connections.
Why does learning depend on neuroplasticity?
Because it involves forming new synaptic connections.
What did research on London cab drivers' brains investigate?
Whether experience relates to brain differences.
What did Newcomer conclude about elevated cortisol levels?
Elevated cortisol levels can impair verbal declarative memory.
What were the three conditions compared in Newcomer's experiment?
High-dose cortisol, low-dose cortisol, and placebo.
How was verbal declarative memory measured in Newcomer's experiment?
By the percentage of a prose passage recalled.
Which condition produced the poorest memory performance in Newcomer's study?
The high-dose cortisol condition.
Which condition produced the highest memory performance in Newcomer's study?
The placebo condition.
What memory performance did the low-dose cortisol condition produce?
An intermediate result between high-dose and placebo.
Which concepts can Newcomer's research be used to examine?
Perspective, causality, measurement, bias, and responsibility.
What role does the hippocampus play in memory?
It supports transferring short-term memories into long-term memory.
What memory functions remained after HM's hippocampus removal?
Digit span, conversation, and procedural memory remained functional.
What did Suzanne Corkin discover about HM's brain tissue removal?
The removed tissue was less extensive than originally estimated.
What is acetylcholine's role in memory?
It supports the formation of memory.
What effect did blocking acetylcholine receptors have on rats in a maze?
Rats were slowest to find food when receptors were blocked.
How did increasing acetylcholine affect rats' maze performance?
It made rats fastest to find food.
How did uninjected rats perform in the Y-maze compared to others?
They performed at an intermediate speed finding food.
What are the three types of cognitive load in Sweller's theory?
Intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load.
Who proposed the cognitive load theory?
Sweller proposed the cognitive load theory.
What did Rosen, Carrier, and Cheever study about Facebook use?
They studied the correlation between high Facebook use and lower GPA.
What did Sanchez research regarding gaming?
Sanchez researched gaming and cognitive ability.
How many short-answer questions does Paper 1A contain?
Two short-answer questions.
From how many content areas are Paper 1A questions selected?
Two of the three content areas.
How many marks is each Paper 1A short-answer question worth?
Four marks each.
What topics does the data and analysis component cover?
Data collection, methods, sampling, statistical application, and thematic analysis.
In which paper is the data and analysis component directly examined?
Paper 3 with HL extensions and contexts.
What type of research by Caroline Howarth is used in the course?
Qualitative research.
Test your knowledge with 20 questions on Learning and Cognition.
1. Which mnemonic method improves memory and recall by linking information to specific imagined physical locations or landmarks?
2. How does the method of loci typically support later recall?
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