How many classes of nutrients are there?
There are six classes of nutrients.
Which nutrients are classified as organic or inorganic, essential or nonessential?
Nutrients can be classified by these categories.
What distinguishes macronutrients from micronutrients?
Macronutrients are needed in large amounts, micronutrients in small amounts.
Which nutrients yield energy?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins yield energy.
What do organic nutrients contain?
Carbon.
Which nutrient types are organic nutrients?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and vitamins.
Do inorganic nutrients contain carbon?
No, they do not contain carbon.
Which substances are examples of inorganic nutrients?
Minerals like NaCl and H2SO4, and water (H2O).
What defines essential nutrients in human nutrition?
They cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied in the diet.
What characterizes nonessential nutrients?
They can be synthesized by the body from other ingested nutrients.
Where is cholesterol synthesized in the body?
In the liver.
From what is cholesterol synthesized in the liver?
Acetyl CoA derived from carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
What elements compose a carbohydrate?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compose a carbohydrate.
What is the empirical formula of carbohydrates?
The empirical formula is .
What is the molecular formula of glucose?
Glucose's formula is .
What type of bonds link glucose units in carbohydrates?
Glycosidic bonds link glucose units.
What percentage of the body's energy can carbohydrates provide?
Carbohydrates provide up to 55%–60% of the body's energy.
Name three major dietary sources of carbohydrates.
Sugars, grains and cereal products, and legumes are major sources.
How many sugar units do monosaccharides contain?
One sugar unit.
How many monosaccharides make up disaccharides?
Two monosaccharides.
What do polysaccharides contain?
Many monosaccharide units.
Name the three common monosaccharides.
Glucose, fructose, and galactose.
Which sugars form sucrose?
Glucose and fructose.
Which sugars form maltose?
Glucose and glucose.
Which sugars form lactose?
Glucose and galactose.
Which polysaccharide is fructose-based and found in onions and garlic?
Inulin.
How do simple carbohydrates affect blood sugar compared to complex carbohydrates?
Simple carbohydrates raise blood sugar quickly, complex carbohydrates raise it more slowly.
What effect does dietary fiber have on carbohydrate breakdown and sugar absorption?
Dietary fiber slows carbohydrate breakdown and sugar absorption.
How does dietary fiber influence intestinal peristalsis and stool excretion?
Dietary fiber increases intestinal peristalsis and enhances stool excretion.
What health risks can dietary fiber reduce?
Dietary fiber reduces constipation, hemorrhoids, and colon cancer risk.
What is the recommended daily intake of dietary fiber?
The recommended dietary fiber intake is 25–30 grams per day.
How does a high-fiber diet affect heart disease risk?
A high-fiber diet is associated with a 40% lower risk of heart disease.
What is the major nutritional role of carbohydrates?
To provide energy.
How many kilocalories does 1 gram of carbohydrate provide?
4 kilocalories.
Which organ uses carbohydrates as its only energy source?
The brain.
Besides the brain, which tissues need carbohydrates?
Nervous tissue, kidneys, and eyes.
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin?
In the mouth with salivary amylase.
Where does most carbohydrate digestion occur?
In the small intestine where enzymes produce glucose.
What happens to glucose after absorption?
It is used for energy, stored as glycogen, or converted to fat.
Where is glycogen stored in the body?
In the liver and muscles.
What does the glycemic index rank foods by?
How they affect blood sugar after eating.
Why does white bread have a high glycemic index?
Because it is rapidly digested into glucose.
Why does brown rice have a lower glycemic index than white bread?
Because it is digested more slowly.
What triggers pancreatic beta cells to release insulin?
A rise in blood glucose levels.
What effect does insulin have on blood glucose?
It lowers blood glucose by promoting cellular glucose uptake.
What triggers pancreatic alpha cells to release glucagon?
Blood glucose falling below a certain point.
How does glucagon raise blood glucose?
By causing the liver to release glycogen-derived glucose.
Which hormones work together to maintain regular blood glucose levels?
Insulin and glucagon.
Test your knowledge with 24 questions on Nutrients and Carbohydrate Metabolism.
1. Which set lists the six classes of nutrients?
2. Which classification scheme distinguishes nutrients by whether they provide energy to the body?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for Nutrients and Carbohydrate Metabolism.
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