1. According to the second law of thermodynamics, what is the trend of entropy in the universe?
2. What does the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) indicate about a biochemical reaction?
3. What is the primary focus of bioenergetics within cellular metabolism?
System types — examples?
Open, closed, isolated systems
Life's energy processes?
Extraction, transformation, dissipation.
ΔG — sign for spontaneous?
Negative ΔG indicates spontaneity
Open vs closed systems?
Open: matter and energy exchange.
Bioenergetics — focus?
Energy exchange, transformation, thermodynamics in biology
First law of thermodynamics?
Energy conserved; ΔU = Q + W.
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