How does a strong acid differ from a weak acid in dissociation?
A strong acid dissociates completely, a weak acid establishes an equilibrium.
How many H⁺ ions can a diprotic acid donate?
Two H⁺ ions.
What is the formula for the acid dissociation constant Kₐ?
Kₐ = [H⁺][A⁻] / [HA].
How is acidity pKₐ related to Kₐ?
pKₐ = -log Kₐ.
What is the formula relating amount, concentration, and volume?
n = c × V.
What is the dilution formula relating concentrations and volumes?
c₁V₁ = c₂V₂.
What is the condition at the equivalence point in a 1:1 titration?
Amount of acid equals amount of base.
What is the equivalence pH of a strong acid–strong base titration?
Equivalence pH is 7.
Where does oxidation occur in an electrochemical cell?
Oxidation occurs at the anode.
What happens to electrons during reduction?
Reduction gains electrons.
What charge does the anode have in a galvanic cell?
The anode is negative.
What role does the cathode play in a galvanic cell?
The cathode uses electrons.
In which direction do electrons flow in a galvanic cell?
Electrons flow from the anode to the cathode.
Where do salt-bridge anions migrate in a galvanic cell?
Anions migrate to the anode.
What is reduced at the cathode during molten NaCl electrolysis?
Sodium ions (Na⁺) are reduced to sodium.
What is oxidised at the anode during molten NaCl electrolysis?
Chloride ions are oxidised to chlorine.
What happens when a reactant is added to a system at equilibrium?
Equilibrium shifts toward products.
How does adding a product affect the equilibrium position?
Equilibrium shifts toward reactants.
What effect does increasing pressure have on gaseous equilibrium?
It shifts equilibrium toward fewer gas particles.
How does decreasing pressure influence gaseous equilibrium?
It shifts equilibrium toward more gas particles.
Which direction does increasing temperature favor in a reaction?
The endothermic direction.
What direction does decreasing temperature favor in a reaction?
The exothermic direction.
What is the formula for the equilibrium constant Kc?
Kc = [products]^(coefficients) divided by [reactants]^(coefficients).
What does Kc > 1 indicate about equilibrium?
Products are favored at equilibrium.
What functional group does C=C represent?
Alkene
What functional group does –OH represent?
Alcohol
What functional group does –COOH represent?
Carboxylic acid
How does an alkene react with bromine?
By addition across the C=C bond
What does a primary alcohol oxidise to first?
An aldehyde.
What does a secondary alcohol oxidise to?
A ketone.
What is produced by reduction of a nitrile?
An amine.
What functional group does an ester contain?
R–COO–R.
What distinguishes structural isomers?
Different connectivity with the same molecular formula.
What defines E/Z isomers?
A C=C bond with different groups on both carbons and different spatial arrangement.
What IR absorption range identifies alcohol O–H groups?
3200–3600 cm⁻¹ broad absorption.
Which IR absorption range indicates carboxylic-acid O–H groups?
2500–3000 cm⁻¹ very broad absorption.
What IR absorption near 1700 cm⁻¹ identifies a C=O group?
A strong peak approximately at 1700 cm⁻¹.
What does a strong 1700 cm⁻¹ peak with a broad 2500–3000 cm⁻¹ peak indicate?
A carboxylic acid.
What does a 1700 cm⁻¹ peak without O–H absorption indicate?
An aldehyde or ketone.
What is the highest molecular peak in a mass spectrum called?
The molecular ion M⁺.
When is an amino acid positively charged based on pH and pI?
When pH is less than pI.
Which direction do positive ions move during electrophoresis?
Toward the negative electrode.
Which intermolecular force is stronger: hydrogen bonding or dipole–dipole?
Hydrogen bonding is stronger than dipole–dipole forces.
How do OH, COOH, and NH₂ groups affect solubility in water?
They increase solubility through hydrogen bonding with water.
Which ion moves to the cathode in an acidic hydrogen fuel cell?
H⁺ ions move to the cathode.
Which ion moves to the anode in an alkaline hydrogen fuel cell?
OH⁻ ions move to the anode.
Where do electrons travel in a hydrogen fuel cell?
Electrons travel through the external circuit.
Where do ions travel in a hydrogen fuel cell?
Ions travel through the electrolyte.
What is the formula for atom economy (AE)?
AE = (M_r of desired product ÷ M_r of all reactants) × 100.
Is a higher or lower atom economy better?
A higher atom economy is better.
What is the formula for the E-factor?
E = waste ÷ product.
Is a higher or lower E-factor better?
A lower E-factor is better.
What formula calculates moles from concentration and volume?
n = c × V
How do you calculate concentration from moles and volume?
c = n ÷ V
Which formula relates concentrations and volumes in dilution?
c₁V₁ = c₂V₂
How is pH calculated from hydrogen ion concentration?
pH = -log[H⁺]
What is the formula for pKa in terms of Ka?
pKa = -log Ka
What are the three steps for answering Calculate questions?
Write formula, substitute values, give answer with units
What three elements must Justify responses include?
Claim, relevant data, and chemical reasoning
What does a three-mark short response require?
Prediction, chemical reason, and evidence or data
Pon a prueba tus conocimientos con 33 preguntas sobre Chemistry Revision Map.
1. How does a weak acid differ from a strong acid in aqueous solution?
2. How many protons can a diprotic acid donate per molecule?
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