Operating Systems Fundamentals

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Operating System Processes & Memory Management Revision Sheet

1. 📌 Essentials

  • Processes are the fundamental units of execution, identified by PID.
  • System calls like fork() create new processes; exec() replaces process image.
  • Process states: ready, running, blocked; managed by the scheduler.
  • Threads are lightweight subprocesses sharing the same address space.
  • Virtual memory uses paging and segmentation; managed via tables.
  • Page replacement algorithms include, LRU, and Clock.
  • Synchronization mechanisms: semaphores, mutexes, monitors prevent race conditions.
  • Hardware features: registers, interrupts, privilege modes, cache, and protection.
  • Deadlock occurs with mutual exclusion, hold-and-wait, no preemption, circular wait.
  • Modern OS evolution: mechanical → vacuum tube → transistor → integrated → distributed/virtualized.

2. 🧩 Key Structures & Components

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Anteprima del quiz

1. What is the primary purpose of the fork() system call in process management?

2. What function in Unix-like operating systems is used to create a new process by cloning the parent process?

3. Which page replacement algorithm approximates the Least Recently Used (LRU) strategy by using reference bits?

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Anteprima delle flashcard

Process — creation method?

fork() and exec() system calls

Processes — definition?

Units of execution identified by PID.

Thread — resource sharing?

Share address space within a process

System calls — function?

Create or replace processes (`fork()`, `exec()`).

Page replacement — strategy?

FIFO, LRU, Clock algorithms

Process states — examples?

Ready, running, blocked.

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