What defines abnormal behaviour in society?
Behaviour that does not adhere to societal standards of normality.
How does statistical rarity classify behaviour?
By how infrequently it occurs in society, including positive deviations.
When is behaviour classified as abnormal by norm violation?
When it is negatively evaluated as socially unacceptable or inconsistent with expectations.
What does distress mean in abnormal behaviour?
Suffering caused by behaviour or mental experiences for the individual.
What does dysfunction mean in abnormal behaviour?
Interference with effective everyday functioning.
Why must the four criteria be considered together to identify abnormal behaviour?
Because none is necessary or sufficient alone to identify abnormal behaviour.
To what are the four criteria of abnormal behaviour tied?
Social norms and expectations that vary across cultures and historical periods.
What risk arises from the cultural and historical variability of abnormal behaviour criteria?
Oppression of non-conformist behaviour.
What defines a mental disorder in terms of psychological processes?
It involves clinically significant disturbances reflecting dysfunction in psychological, biological, or developmental processes.
What does a syndrome represent in medical terms?
A grouping of signs and symptoms that frequently co-occur and may indicate a common cause or pattern.
What is mental disorder usually associated with according to DSM-5?
Significant distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities.
What does DSM-5 exclude from mental disorder classification?
Expectable or culturally approved responses and socially deviant behavior unless caused by individual dysfunction.
What two components does Wakefield say mental disorder requires?
An internal dysfunction and harm to the individual.
Why is Wakefield’s account of mental disorder difficult to apply?
Because the normal evolutionary functions of some psychological processes are uncertain.
What example shows difficulty in applying Wakefield’s mental disorder concept?
Abilities like reading may be too recent evolutionarily to have natural functions.
What did eight healthy pseudo-patients report in Rosenhan's first study?
Hearing unfamiliar voices.
How did pseudo-patients behave after admission in Rosenhan's first study?
They behaved normally after admission.
What diagnoses were given to pseudo-patients in Rosenhan's first study?
Schizophrenia or manic-depressive psychosis.
How long did pseudo-patients stay in hospital in Rosenhan's first study?
From 7 to 53 days.
What label was usually given at discharge to pseudo-patients in Rosenhan's first study?
Schizophrenia in remission.
What did hospital staff do in Rosenhan's second study regarding genuine patients?
Identified several genuine patients as possible imposters.
What did Rosenhan conclude about psychiatric labels and patient experience?
Labels strongly influenced staff interpretation and patients experienced depersonalisation, loss of autonomy, and stigma.
What ethical and methodological issues did Rosenhan's study raise?
Its deception raised ethical concerns and later researchers questioned its methods and reporting.
How does medical classification view the boundary between health and disorder?
As a clear qualitative boundary.
How are psychological health and disorder often viewed in contrast to medical classification?
As existing on a continuum with an arbitrary cutoff.
What does high comorbidity in psychological disorders mean?
One individual can meet criteria for more than one disorder.
What is diagnostic instability in psychological disorders?
A diagnosis changes from one disorder to another over time.
What does lack of treatment specificity imply about treatments for psychological disorders?
The same treatment can be effective for different conditions.
What triggers the immediate alarm reaction called fear?
Perceived danger triggers fear.
What type of threat does anxiety apprehend?
Anxiety apprehends a future threat.
What distinguishes a true alarm from a false alarm?
A true alarm is triggered by an immediate dangerous threat, a false alarm is not.
Which bodily functions increase during the fight-or-flight response?
Heart rate, metabolism, blood pressure, breathing, and muscle tension increase.
When does anxiety become clinically disordered?
When it is excessive, inappropriate, and causes debilitating interference.
What hormone is released during the fear response?
Adrenaline, also called epinephrine, is released.
What three vulnerabilities make up Barlow's triple vulnerability?
Biological, generalised psychological, and specific psychological vulnerabilities.
What does biological vulnerability include in anxiety disorders?
An inherited predisposition toward anxiety and depressive disorders.
What beliefs are part of generalised psychological vulnerability?
That the world is dangerous and events are beyond personal control.
How can early stress or loss affect psychological vulnerability?
It can foster generalised psychological vulnerability.
How does conditioning create specific psychological vulnerability?
By pairing a conditioned stimulus with an adverse unconditioned stimulus.
Why is avoidance of a dog after a bite negatively reinforced?
Because escaping reduces anxiety.
What causes fear generalisation after a dog bite?
Fear extends to other dogs and places associated with dogs.
What distinguishes the initial and later alarm responses to a dog bite?
The initial is a true alarm; later alarms are false alarms triggered by related cues.
What triggers the fear in specific phobia?
The presence or anticipation of a specific object or situation.
What characterizes panic disorder?
Recurrent unexpected panic attacks.
What situations cause anxiety in agoraphobia?
Situations where escape is difficult or help is unavailable if panic occurs.
Name some situations that provoke agoraphobia anxiety.
Public transport, open or enclosed spaces, crowds, and being outside home alone.
What is the main fear in social anxiety disorder?
Fear of social situations involving possible scrutiny.
Which social situations are feared in social anxiety disorder?
Interactions, being observed, or performing.
What does generalized anxiety disorder involve?
Excessive anxiety and worry about several events or activities.
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1. Which statement best defines abnormal behaviour?
2. When does a violation of a social norm contribute to classifying behaviour as abnormal?
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