What is voltage in electrical terms?
Voltage is the electrical potential difference between two points.
How is current defined in an electrical circuit?
Current is the flow of electrons through a circuit.
What does resistance measure in a material?
Resistance measures a material’s opposition to current flow.
What formula expresses Ohm’s Law relating voltage, current, and resistance?
Ohm’s Law is V = I × R.
How can resistance be calculated using voltage and current?
Resistance is calculated as R = V ÷ I.
What is a program statement?
A statement is a single instruction or command line in a program.
How do text-based program statements usually end?
They usually end with a semicolon.
Does voltage flow by itself in a circuit?
No, voltage does not flow by itself.
What is an embedded system?
Specialised circuitry built for one specific, dedicated job with tailored software.
What distinguishes a microprocessor from a microcontroller?
A microprocessor needs separate components, while a microcontroller combines them on one chip.
Which microcontroller does the Arduino Uno use?
An ATmega 8-bit microcontroller.
At what voltage does the Arduino Uno operate?
It operates at 5 volts.
What input voltage range does the Arduino Uno recommend through its barrel jack?
7 to 12 volts.
How many digital I/O pins does the Arduino Uno have?
14 digital I/O pins.
How many analog input pins does the Arduino Uno have and how are they labelled?
6 analog input pins labelled A0 to A5.
What is the clock speed of the Arduino Uno?
16 megahertz.
What does the IPO cycle continuously read?
Environmental inputs.
What do digital ports use as signal levels?
Only HIGH (5V) or LOW (0V).
What do analog ports handle?
A wide range of values.
What is a sensor?
A component that measures something in the environment.
Give an example of what a sensor can measure.
Light, temperature, or pressure.
What is an actuator?
A component that takes action in the environment.
Give an example of an actuator.
An LED, buzzer, or motor.
What does the IPO cycle do with outputs?
Sends them to devices.
Why must an LED be connected with a current-limiting resistor?
To prevent excessive current that can damage the LED or Arduino pin.
How is the resistor value calculated for a 5V Arduino pin and 2V LED drop at 20mA?
By dividing the voltage difference (5V - 2V) by the current (0.02A).
What is the resistor value for a 5V Arduino pin, 2V LED drop, and 20mA current?
150 ohms.
What does the Blinky program do to the LED repeatedly?
Turns it HIGH, waits 1 second, turns it LOW, then waits 1 second.
What is a floating input in digital electronics?
A digital input pin not firmly connected to HIGH or LOW, causing unreliable readings.
What does a 10kΩ pull-down resistor do for an unpressed pushbutton input?
It holds the input at LOW when the button is unpressed.
What voltage level does pressing the button connect the input to?
Pressing the button connects the input to 5V, making it HIGH.
What does the pushbutton program do with digital pin 2's state?
It reads pin 2 into PB2_state.
When does the pushbutton program set pin 13 HIGH?
It sets pin 13 HIGH if PB2_state is HIGH.
When does Arduino setup() run?
It runs once when the board powers on.
How often does Arduino loop() run and what does it contain?
It runs continuously and contains repeated input and output logic.
What does a voltage divider use to split voltage?
Two resistors in series.
How does an Arduino Uno convert analog input voltage?
It converts 0–5V into a digital reading from 0 to 1023.
How does an LDR differ from a potentiometer in resistance change?
An LDR changes resistance with light level, a potentiometer changes resistance ratio via a movable wiper.
What must be done to an analog input 0–1023 before controlling brightness?
It must be mapped to 0–255, often by dividing by four.
What colors are combined in an RGB LED to produce shades?
Red, green, and blue LEDs.
How many different shades can an RGB LED produce?
256 × 256 × 256 different shades.
What is a workbench in FreeCAD?
A collection of tools organized for one type of job.
What does a Body contain in FreeCAD?
The 3D features of one designed part.
What is a sketch in FreeCAD?
A flat 2D drawing made on a chosen plane.
What is the purpose of a sketch in FreeCAD?
It is used as the starting point for a 3D shape.
What does the Model tab in Combo View show?
Bodies, Sketches, and features.
What does the Tasks tab in Combo View show?
Instructions and settings for the active tool.
What is a construction line in drawing?
A guide used for planning and measuring a sketch not in the final model.
What color do construction lines appear in construction mode?
Blue
How do you find the centre of a 60 mm wide object using construction lines?
Draw a 30 mm construction line from the origin and add a perpendicular line.
What basic 2D elements do the point, line, arc, and circle tools create?
Point, line, arc, and circle elements
How can arcs and circles be created using drawing tools?
By centre-based or three-point methods
How does a polyline differ from separate line operations?
A polyline creates connected segments continuously, separate lines require tool re-selection.
What shapes does the polygon tool create?
Regular shapes like hexagons, heptagons, and octagons.
What is a slot in design terms?
An oblong, rounded opening allowing sliding of a bolt or pin.
How is an ellipse different from a spline?
An ellipse is a stretched circle; a spline is a smooth adjustable freeform curve.
What are degrees of freedom in a shape?
Independent ways a shape can move, stretch, or rotate before fixed.
How many degrees of freedom does a single line have?
Four degrees of freedom.
Which four degrees of freedom does a single line have?
Vertical position, horizontal position, length, and angle.
How can a single line be fully constrained?
By fixing vertical and horizontal positions, length, and angle.
What degree of freedom does a fully constrained FreeCAD sketch have?
Zero degrees of freedom.
What color does a fully constrained FreeCAD sketch turn?
Green.
What do perpendicular, parallel, equal, point-on-object, and symmetric constraints define?
Relationships between lines or points.
What is a fillet in modeling?
A fillet is a rounded edge added to a sharp corner.
Why add a fillet to a model's sharp corner?
To make the model smoother, safer, and more professional.
How do you apply a fillet to edges?
Select edges, choose Fillet in Tasks, and enter a radius.
What is a datum plane in modeling?
A datum plane is a reference surface created on a model.
Why create a datum plane on a model?
To make a new sketch from a different angle or position.
What is the first step to use a datum plane?
Select an existing face or plane.
What do you do after creating and confirming a datum plane?
Select the datum plane and create a sketch on it.
What is the first step in the mounting-bracket workflow?
Creating a Body and XY-plane Sketch.
What shape is drawn and constrained in the mounting-bracket workflow?
An L-shaped polyline.
What fillet size is applied in the mounting-bracket workflow?
A 5 mm fillet.
What are the dimensions of the slot added in the mounting-bracket workflow?
An 8 mm by 20 mm slot.
What diameter hole is sketched on a datum plane in the mounting-bracket workflow?
A 6 mm diameter hole.
What are the length and thickness of the mounting bracket’s base?
80 mm long and 10 mm thick.
What are the height and thickness of the mounting bracket’s raised arm?
50 mm tall and 10 mm thick.
What is the recommended filename format for saving a FreeCAD project?
A clear filename such as Mounting_Bracket_v1.
Test your knowledge with 33 questions on Grade 8 Coding and Robotics.
1. What does voltage represent in an electrical circuit?
2. Which quantity describes the flow of electrons through a circuit?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for Grade 8 Coding and Robotics.
See study sheet →Import your course and AI generates flashcards in 30 seconds.
Flashcard generator