Flashcards: Fundamentals of Genetic Structure and Function — 18 cartões

DNA double-helix — structure?

Two anti-parallel strands wound in a spiral.

Nucleotides — components?

Deoxyribose, organic base, phosphate.

Anti-parallel strands — significance?

Crucial for replication and function.

Sugar-phosphate backbone — formation?

Covalent bonds between sugars and phosphates.

Base pairing — rules?

A-T and C-G via hydrogen bonds.

DNA unwinding — enzyme?

Helicase unwinds the double helix.

DNA Polymerase — role?

Synthesizes new DNA strands.

Primers — function?

Provide starting points for DNA synthesis.

Leading strand — synthesis?

Continuous in the direction of unwinding.

Lagging strand — synthesis?

Discontinuous in Okazaki fragments.

PCR process — steps?

Heating, cooling, extension.

PCR — purpose?

Amplify specific DNA sequences.

Gene expression — stages?

Transcription and translation.

mRNA — role?

Carries genetic code to ribosome.

tRNA — function?

Transfers amino acids during translation.

Mutations — types?

Substitution, insertion, deletion.

Chromosome mutations — examples?

Deletion, inversion, translocation, duplication.

Natural selection — effect?

Changes in phenotype frequencies over generations.