What does management involve regarding others' work activities?
Coordinating and overseeing their work activities.
What is the goal of management in completing activities?
To complete activities efficiently and effectively.
According to Henry L. Sisk, what is management?
The coordination of all resources through planning, organising, directing and controlling to attain predetermined objectives.
Why is management required in organised groups?
Because coordinated and controlled efforts are needed to achieve common goals effectively.
In which five ways can management be understood?
As an economic resource, a group, a process, a discipline, and an activity.
What defines management as an economic resource?
It is a separate resource whose coordination determines organisational productivity.
What activities comprise management as a process?
Planning, organising, leading, and controlling activities.
What is management as an activity according to Follett?
The art of getting things done through people.
Which roles does management as an activity include?
Interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles.
Why is management considered universal in organisations?
Because every organisation working toward common goals requires management.
Why is management described as intangible?
Because it cannot be seen directly but its effects are felt through results.
Why is management called a social process?
Because it is done by people, through people, and for people.
What is central to management as a social process?
Interpersonal relations are central to management.
Why is management a continuous process?
Because it must operate as long as organised action toward group goals continues.
Why is management an executive function?
Because managers direct and control people to achieve objectives.
What do managers do instead of performing all operating work themselves?
They direct and control people to attain predetermined objectives.
What does management determine in an organisation?
Organisational objectives.
How does management support achieving organisational objectives?
By communicating objectives and allocating resources.
What does management create to achieve group goals?
Teamwork and coordination.
How does management improve organisational productivity?
By improving efficient use of human, physical, and financial resources.
How does management help organisations handle changing environments?
By adapting to changes, minimising risks, and maximising opportunities.
What does management balance by allocating scarce resources?
Multiple organisational goals.
Why is management especially important in India?
Because resources are limited, productivity is low, and economic development depends on effective utilisation.
What is one reason for management's increasing importance in India related to wealth?
Imbalanced wealth distribution increases management importance.
How does unemployment affect the importance of management in India?
Widespread unemployment raises the need for effective management.
What percentage of India's population lives below the poverty line?
More than 40% of the population lives below the poverty line.
How does India's capital formation compare to other countries?
India has only 13% capital formation compared with 30% in other countries.
Name two factors contributing to management importance in India besides wealth and unemployment.
Rapid industrialisation and underused natural resources contribute to management importance.
What is a management principle?
A fundamental truth guiding business administration and operation.
Who proposed 14 principles of management?
Henri Fayol.
What does unity of command require?
One subordinate receives orders from only one superior.
What does unity of direction require?
One head and one plan for activities with the same objective.
What is the rule about authority and responsibility?
They must coexist with authority matching responsibility.
What distinguishes science from art in knowledge application?
Science focuses on organised knowledge and knowing why, art on applying knowledge and knowing how.
Why is management considered an art?
Because it requires personal skill, practical knowledge, creativity, and improvement through practice.
What makes management a science?
It has cause-and-effect relationships, universal application, systematic knowledge, enquiry, and validity tests.
Why is management both a science and an art?
Science provides principles, and art applies them through practical and personal skills.
What defines a profession in terms of knowledge and training?
It is based on specialised knowledge and training in advanced learning.
Which characteristics define a profession according to Mc Farland?
Systematic knowledge, formal learning, associations, ethical code, and service dedication.
Why is management only partially considered a profession?
It lacks compulsory qualifications, restricted entry, and legal professional regulation.
What does professionalisation of management develop?
Specialised knowledge, training institutions, and professional practices.
What is managed through professionalisation of management?
Scarce resources in all types of organisations.
Name one benefit of professional management.
Improved productivity.
How does professional management affect organisational ethics?
It ensures adherence to ethical codes.
What impact does professional management have on organisational image?
It strengthens the organisational image.
How does professional management help organisations compete?
It increases their ability to face national and international competition.
What are the three views on the relationship between management and administration?
Administration is different from management, administration is part of management, or they are identical.
According to Oliver Sheldon, what does administration do under the view it differs from management?
Administration determines objectives and policies.
According to Oliver Sheldon, what does management do under the view administration differs from management?
Management executes policies and directs efforts toward objectives.
According to Brech, what is management in the view that administration is part of management?
Management is the wider process of executive control.
According to Brech, what is administration's role when it is part of management?
Administration installs procedures and regulates progress against plans.
According to Newman, what do administration and management refer to when considered identical?
Guiding, leading, and controlling group efforts toward common goals.
What does administrative management primarily do compared to operative management?
Administrative management lays down policies and determines goals.
What is the role of operative management in relation to policies and goals?
Operative management implements policies to achieve goals.
What does administration primarily involve according to the traditional distinction?
Goal-setting and policy formulation.
What is the role of management in the traditional distinction?
Executing policy and achieving stated objectives.
According to the European School, what does management include?
Administration and organisation.
How does Brech define administration within management?
As the part concerned with installing and carrying out procedures to regulate activities.
Why do some consider management and administration identical?
Because both involve the same principles and functions.
What are levels of management in an organisation?
Lines of demarcation between managerial positions where specific functions begin.
What are the three levels of management?
Top-level, middle-level, and lower-level or first-line management.
What is one key function of top-level management?
Formulating basic policies and corporate goals.
Name another function of top-level management besides policy formulation.
Designing the organisational structure.
What is a primary role of middle-level management?
Interpreting top-management policies.
How does middle-level management support top management?
By reporting progress and feedback to top management.
What is a main responsibility of lower-level management?
Directly supervising operative employees.
How does lower-level management maintain team spirit?
By guiding workers and maintaining morale.
Test your knowledge with 46 questions on Concepts and Nature of Management.
1. According to the European School of thought, how are management and administration related?
2. How does management contribute to organisational productivity?
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