Patronage system — definition?
Support arrangement where artists are paid by patrons.
Independent professional creator — role?
Earns income by selling copies after patronage declines.
Mass reproduction — significance?
Enables quick, cheap production of many copies.
Intangible property — meaning?
Legal control over non-physical creations like texts or songs.
Berne Convention 1886 — purpose?
Coordinates international copyright protection with shared minimum standards.
Copyright emergence — main driver?
Decline of patronage and rise of mass reproduction technologies.
Literary and artistic domain — scope?
Category of works protected under Berne, including creative expressions.
Expression not idea — protection?
Copyright protects how ideas are expressed, not the ideas themselves.
Originality requirement — purpose?
Ensures work reflects author’s own creative choices.
Idea–expression dichotomy — meaning?
Distinguishes protected expression from unprotected ideas or facts.
Official texts and exemptions — example?
Some official acts may be exempt from copyright; modifications can be protected.
Automatic protection — criterion?
Works are protected if they meet Berne’s eligibility, without registration.
Communication to the public — act?
Making a work accessible to an audience beyond the original viewers.
New public — definition?
A different audience not contemplated at initial release.
Making available right — scope?
Online access where users can reach the work at will.
CJEU hotel case — subject?
Hotels providing TV to guests as communication to the public.
Framing vs consent — difference?
Framing may bypass consent; consent involves explicit permission.
Linking — effect?
Links do not transmit content, generally not communication to the public.
Embedding — legal concern?
Can be a communication to the public if it bypasses technological restrictions.
Protection standards — basis?
Minimum standards set by Berne, with national treatment.
Technological measures — role?
Protect works; bypassing can lead to liability for infringement and circumvention.
Passive vs active platform — liability?
Active control or organization can lead to direct liability.
Reproduction — definition?
Copying a work onto a new medium or server.
Link vs embed — difference?
Link redirects; embed displays content within a page.
Test your knowledge with 12 questions on Fundamentals of Copyright Law.
1. What was the main economic driver behind the historical emergence of copyright?
2. What kinds of creations fall within the Berne Convention’s literary and artistic domain?
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