When did the American Civil War and Reconstruction occur?
The Civil War lasted 1861–1865, Reconstruction 1865–1877.
What years approximately define the Gilded Age and Progressive Era?
Gilded Age: 1877–1900; Progressive Era: 1900–1920.
What characterized the Gilded Age?
Rapid industrial growth, corruption, Big Business, poverty, and labor exploitation.
Which major strikes occurred during the Gilded Age?
The 1877 Great Railroad Strike and the 1894 Pullman Strike.
What was the Progressive Era's main goal?
Stronger government regulation and societal improvements without communism.
By 1900, which country's steel output surpassed Great Britain, France, and Germany combined?
The United States
Which region's water-powered textile mills contributed to industrialization?
New England
Which state's coal deposits were used for steel production during industrialization?
Pennsylvania
Name three minerals that expanded industrial supplies besides coal and petroleum.
Gold, iron, and copper
What practices did wildcat capitalism rely on to dominate markets?
Slashing labor costs, selling below cost, unfair or illegal practices, consolidating corporations, and speculation.
How did Republican governments promote industrialization after the Civil War?
Through high tariffs, non-interventionism, and support for railroads and employers.
What percentage of U.S. oil production did the Standard Oil Trust control in the early 1900s?
90%.
What was the typical workweek length for industrial workers?
77 hours.
What types of segregation did African Americans face in the North and South?
De facto in the North and de jure in the South.
What legal doctrine did Plessy v. Ferguson establish in 1896?
The "separate but equal" doctrine.
When did the Knights of Labor operate?
From 1869 to 1890.
For which workers was the American Federation of Labor founded in 1886?
Skilled workers.
What was the founding year of the Industrial Workers of the World?
1905.
What were some goals of the Progressives regarding labor and social issues?
Better wages, retirement funds, improved working conditions, and limits on child labor
What voting rights did Progressives support?
Women’s voting rights
Which amendment established Prohibition and in what year?
The 18th Amendment in 1919
Which amendment granted women voting rights and in what year?
The 19th Amendment in 1920
How did Theodore Roosevelt impact executive power and corporate control?
He strengthened executive power and used the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act against excessive corporate power.
What were the three main focuses of Theodore Roosevelt's Square Deal?
Control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.
What were three negative aspects of Progressivism regarding race and policy?
Did little for African Americans, supported economic imperialism, included literacy tests and forced sterilization.
What was muckraking in journalism?
Investigative journalism exposing corruption and abuses.
When did muckraking's golden age approximately occur?
From 1900 to 1910.
Which magazine published Ida Tarbell's Standard Oil investigations in January 1903?
McClure’s magazine.
What was the result of Ida Tarbell's Standard Oil investigation?
It led to a federal investigation and the 1911 Supreme Court breakup of the monopoly.
Which 1890 work by Jacob Riis inspired the New York Tenement House Act of 1901?
How the Other Half Lives.
What tragedy in May 1911 led to workplace safety and working hours laws?
The Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York.
What factors contributed to the decline of muckraking?
Less receptive readership, international news, Big Business PR, and WWI laws.
Who named the Gilded Age and what did the name emphasize?
Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner named it, emphasizing prosperity and corruption contrast.
Who declared the frontier closed in 1893?
Frederick Jackson Turner
How much did Chicago's population grow between 1860 and 1900?
From 30,000 to about 2 million inhabitants
Which two industrialists were involved in forming U.S. Steel?
Andrew Carnegie and J. P. Morgan.
What percentage of U.S. steel production was controlled by U.S. Steel?
80%.
How many independent companies merged into trusts during the 1890s and 1900s?
More than 4,000.
Into approximately how many trusts did these companies merge?
Approximately 250 trusts.
Which union organized the Pullman Strike in 1894?
The American Railway Union.
What labor reforms did the AFL advocate?
An 8-hour day, 6-day week, end to child labor, and higher wages.
Who founded the Progressive Party in 1912?
Theodore Roosevelt
What was another name for the Progressive Party founded in 1912?
The Bull Moose Party
What social movement did Jane Addams’s Hull House represent?
The settlement house movement
What did Jane Addams’s Hull House seek to improve?
Housing and social conditions
How did Roosevelt help resolve the 1902 Pennsylvania coal strike?
By favoring negotiations between employers and workers.
Which three progressive reforms were created between 1912 and 1920?
Children’s Bureau (1912), Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), Women’s Bureau (1920).
What event marked the end of the Progressive Era according to Warren Harding?
His 1920 promise of a “return to normalcy.”
Which president associated the term 'muckraker' in 1906?
Theodore Roosevelt.
To what literary work does the term 'muckraker' refer?
John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress from 1698.
What immigration waves were part of muckraking's historical context?
Massive immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe.
Which organizations founded in 1867 and 1891 relate to muckraking's context?
The Grange and the People’s Party.
What early investigative journalism examples preceded muckraking?
Civil War battlefield reporting, The New York Times vs. Boss Tweed, Nellie Bly on mental hospitals, Ambrose Bierce on railroad magnates.
Which 1907 book by Lincoln Steffens exposed corruption in seven cities?
The Shame of the Cities.
Which author published "The Shame of the Cities" in 1907?
Lincoln Steffens.
In which year did the Klondike gold rush take place?
1898
Where did the Klondike gold rush occur?
Alaska
Answer 23 questions on From Gilded Age to Progressivism.
1. Which description best characterizes the Gilded Age?
2. What did Progressive Era reformers generally seek?
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