What event did military defeats trigger in Russia in February 1917?
The February Revolution.
What was the outcome of the October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution?
The eventual creation of the USSR in 1922.
On which date did Mussolini's March on Rome occur?
28 October 1922.
What position was Mussolini appointed to after the March on Rome?
President of the council.
When was Hitler legally appointed chancellor of Germany?
30 January 1933.
What crisis was Germany facing when Hitler became chancellor in 1933?
The Weimar Republic’s crisis with mass unemployment.
What type of ownership did the Soviet regime promote?
Marxist collective ownership
What was abolished by the Soviet regime regarding property?
Private property
What agricultural change did the Soviet regime implement?
Collectivized agriculture
What was the goal of Italian fascism regarding Roman heritage?
To revive the greatness of the Roman Empire
What kind of people did Italian fascism aim to create?
Disciplined warrior people obedient to Mussolini
When did antisemitism and racism appear in Italian fascism?
Only later through rapprochement with Germany
What did Nazi ideology claim about the Aryan race?
Its supposed superiority
What does the cult of personality present the totalitarian leader as?
An infallible superhuman.
How does the cult of personality promote the leader's image?
Through propaganda, grand ceremonies, and permanent saturation of public space.
What powers does the leader hold in the three totalitarian regimes?
Full powers.
How is the state governed in the three totalitarian regimes?
It is no longer governed as a state based on the rule of law.
How did totalitarian regimes control people of every age?
Through youth organizations, propaganda, media, leisure activities, and party institutions.
What did the Soviet ideal of the new person emphasize?
Work serving the state and the people.
What qualities did the fascist ideal emphasize?
Combativeness, virility, discipline, and the state.
What did the Nazi ideal promote?
A healthy, numerous Aryan rural family.
Which political police operated in the USSR, Italy, and Germany?
NKVD in the USSR, OVRA in Italy, and Gestapo in Germany.
What is a political purge?
The elimination of opponents within a political party or regime.
What purposes did the Gulag serve in Bolshevik Russia?
Isolate opponents, forced labor, re-education, and permanent disappearance.
When did the name Gulag first appear?
In 1934.
Since when did camps exist in Bolshevik Russia?
Since 1918.
Which military action did Hitler take in 1935 violating the postwar order?
He restored military service.
What did Hitler do in 1936 that violated the postwar order?
He reoccupied the Rhineland.
Which territories did Hitler annex or occupy between 1938 and 1939?
Austria, the Sudetenland, and Bohemia-Moravia.
When was the German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact signed?
23 August 1939.
What did the secret protocol of the German-Soviet Pact divide?
Spheres of influence in Eastern Europe, especially Poland.
What event on 1 September 1939 triggered the European war?
Germany attacked Poland.
Who became the dominant figure in the Communist regime by 1929?
Joseph Stalin.
What did Stalin do after Lenin’s death in 1924?
He eliminated his rivals.
What did the Nuremberg Laws of 1935 do in Nazi Germany?
Institutionalized antisemitism
Which positions did Stalin hold from 1925?
First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and leader of the Politburo.
When did Italian youth organizations become compulsory?
In 1937.
When did German youth organizations become compulsory?
In 1939.
When did the Night of the Broken Glass occur?
On 9–10 November 1938.
What happened during the Night of the Broken Glass in Germany?
Antisemitic violence intensified.
What event in 1935 led to Mussolini's rapprochement with Hitler?
The invasion of Ethiopia.
Which two agreements formalized the alliance between Mussolini and Hitler by 1939?
The Rome-Berlin Axis and the Pact of Steel.
Answer 17 questions on European Totalitarian Regimes.
1. Which sequence correctly describes the Russian transition from imperial rule to the Soviet Union?
2. What happened on 28 October 1922 during Mussolini’s rise to power?
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