What defines the period called Prehistory?
It is the time before written records, known mainly through archaeology.
According to Marxist theory, what characterizes the primitive communal system?
It was a classless society.
Which three processes shaped human development in prehistory?
Anthropogenesis, technogenesis, and sociogenesis.
What did the interconnection of anthropogenesis, technogenesis, and sociogenesis produce?
The development of non-material culture.
What defines the Stone Age period?
Labor instruments made from stone.
When did the Stone Age approximately begin and end?
From 2.5 million to 5,000 years ago.
Which Stone Age stage is the earliest?
The Paleolithic stage.
When is the Paleolithic stage dated?
Approximately 10,000–12,000 years ago.
When is the Neolithic period dated?
Approximately 8,000–5,000 BC.
What transition does the Eneolithic period mark?
From the Stone Age to the Bronze Age.
How old is the Karatau archaeological area in Southern Kazakhstan?
Approximately 1 million years old.
Where were discoid Mousterian instruments produced in Kazakhstan?
Karatau, Muzbel, and along the Irtysh River.
When did the Bronze Age in Kazakhstan end?
1000 BC
Which metals were used during the Bronze Age in Kazakhstan?
Copper, gold, and lead
What activities characterized the Bronze Age in Kazakhstan?
Farming, mining beginnings, and metal mastery
What are the three stages of the Bronze Age in Kazakhstan?
Early, Middle, and Late Bronze Age
What cultures are the Andronovo culture associated with?
Indo-Iranian and Indo-European
What is the approximate date range of the Andronovo culture?
2000–900 BC
Where does the Kurgan model place the Indo-European expansion center?
North of the Black and Caspian Seas.
What lifestyle changes did Indo-Europeans adopt according to the Kurgan model?
Agriculture, mobile stock keeping, and horse domestication.
In which directions did Indo-Europeans spread according to the Kurgan model?
East into Asia, south toward Anatolia, and west into Danubian Europe.
When did the Anatolian model say Indo-European languages spread with farming?
Beginning nearly 7000 BC.
What is anthropogenesis?
The development of humans from apelike forms to modern humans.
What does sociogenesis describe?
The development of society from primitive herds to complex communal groups.
What periods does the Mesolithic include?
The Mousterian and Upper or late stages.
When is the Mesolithic dated?
Approximately 10,000–11,000 years ago.
Name one important ancient settlement in Kazakhstan's Karatau area.
Shabakty.
To which Paleolithic period does the Achisai site belong?
The Upper Paleolithic.
What culture is linked to Central Kazakhstan during the Bronze Age?
Dandybai-Begazinskaya culture
Which region is associated with the Teghisken mausoleums?
Syr-Darya River and Aral region
How does the Anatolian model describe the spread of agriculture?
Spreading north through the Balkans and then eastward.
From what populations do steppe populations derive according to the Anatolian model?
Earlier farming populations to their west.
What culture is presented as part of the Indo-Iranian expansion?
The Andronovo culture.
Answer 16 questions on Prehistory of Kazakhstan.
1. How is prehistory primarily reconstructed by researchers?
2. How does the Marxist concept characterize the primitive communal system?
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