What does cultural history study in a social group?
Knowledge, practices, representations, and sensitivities at a given moment.
What does the study of literature and society examine?
Reciprocal relationships between literary works and society at a specific moment.
Who wrote that literature is the expression of society in 1789?
Louis de Bonald.
In which year did Louis de Bonald write about literature as society's expression?
1789.
What event was ongoing when Louis de Bonald wrote about literature in 1789?
The French Revolution.
What did the 1830 performance of La Muette de Portici help trigger?
A revolution.
What does the 1830 performance of La Muette de Portici show about theatre?
Theatre can act as a political catalyst.
What does the history of representations study?
How groups imagine and depict humanity through stereotypes and deviations.
What does the history of sensitivities study?
Socially and historically variable perceptions, including smells.
Which author uses the history of smell to examine hygiene's rise?
Alain Corbin in Le Miasme et la Jonquille.
What does the Bachelardian school study?
The formation of the scientific mind and obstacles to scientific knowledge.
What consequences can result from violating literary and legal institutions?
Suspension, fines, or self-censorship can result.
To what standards were nineteenth-century works expected to conform?
The moral standards of their period.
Why was Séraphita placed on the Index?
Its spiritual categories were linked to Swedenborg, not established religion.
Before 1836, who were newspapers reserved for?
Nobles only.
Who helped democratize access to newspapers?
Alain Vaillant.
What historical event ended the old political order and started a new era?
The French Revolution.
What is the sublime in aesthetics?
An experience of overwhelming nature exceeding ordinary limits.
In which forms does the sublime typically appear?
Landscapes and untamed waters.
Who is considered a precursor of Romanticism emphasizing independence?
Rousseau.
How did Rousseau connect exterior nature with the subject?
By linking it with the subject's interiority.
What do classicists consider unsurpassable models?
Greek models.
Where do moderns seek new literary models?
In European modern literature like Roland furieux and Don Quichotte.
Which major literary currents does the course present from the nineteenth century?
Romanticism, Realism, Parnassianism, Symbolism, Naturalism, and Decadence.
What does Realism seek to represent in literature?
Society and bodies through observation.
What social role does Realism give to literature?
A social function.
Which author is associated with Parnassianism in the course?
Théophile Gautier.
Which work published in 1852 is linked to Parnassianism?
Émaux et camées.
In which year was Émaux et camées published?
1852.
How is Naturalism described in relation to Realism?
An intensified and scientifically oriented form of Realism.
Which author is associated with Naturalism in the course?
Balzac.
According to Paul Ricœur, what organizes a narrative's chronological sequence?
Time organizes a narrative's chronological sequence.
What is the narrative directed toward according to Paul Ricœur?
A narrative is directed toward a denouement.
What defines an eccentric narrative's apparent surface?
It lacks an obvious purpose.
Which author's work exemplifies an eccentric narrative?
Alain Robbe-Grillet's La Jalousie exemplifies an eccentric narrative.
What hesitation defines the fantastic according to Tzvetan Todorov?
The hesitation is between a rational and a supernatural explanation.
From what type of situation does the fantastic arise according to Todorov?
It arises from a seemingly real situation.
How does Flaubert portray the writer's role in society?
As the secretary of French society.
What does Flaubert allow facts to do while transforming reality?
He allows facts to speak while creating a striking image.
What concept does Edward Said's Orientalism present?
The Orient as an ethnocentric construction from unequal cultural perspectives.
In which year did Bonaparte launch his campaign in Egypt?
1797
Which three authors wrote about the Orient in the 19th century?
Chateaubriand, Nerval, and Gautier.
In what year did Chateaubriand travel to the Orient?
1811
What role does the Orient play in Romantic literature?
An exotic alternative to European modernity.
Which humanitarian causes did Romantic writers support until 1848?
Opposition to slavery and the death penalty.
What does 'Art for art's sake' reject?
The utilitarian use of art.
With which movement is 'Art for art's sake' associated in 1841?
The birth of Parnassianism.
How does Théophile Gautier's Fortunio reverse humanitarian Romanticism?
By presenting an aristocratic and dehumanizing world.
Which Romantic element does Fortunio retain despite its reversal?
Romantic intertextuality.
Who is presented as a poet of modernity in this section?
Charles Baudelaire.
Which work by Baudelaire caused a scandal?
Les Fleurs du Mal.
Which Baudelaire work helped establish prose poetry?
Spleen de Paris.
Test your knowledge with 22 questions on Literature and Cultural History.
1. What principle defines art for art’s sake and links it to the birth of Parnassianism in 1841?
2. What distinguishes modern literary models from the models favored by classicists?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for Literature and Cultural History.
See study sheet →Import your course and AI generates flashcards in 30 seconds.
Flashcard generator