What percentage of Earth's surface is covered by seas and oceans?
71% of Earth's surface is covered by seas and oceans.
How do seas and oceans contribute to globalization?
They contribute through resource exploitation and international flows.
What does offshore refer to excluding fishing and maritime transport?
Activities at sea like exploiting hydrocarbon deposits and wind turbines.
What percentage of world hydrocarbon production is offshore?
30% of world hydrocarbon production is offshore.
Where are major offshore hydrocarbon production areas located?
In the Gulf of Guinea, Gulf of Mexico, and South China Sea.
What are polymetallic nodules?
Rocky concretions with metals like copper, nickel, and cobalt on the ocean floor.
At what depth are polymetallic nodules found?
Several thousand meters deep on the ocean floor.
Where is fishing mainly concentrated?
Near major population centers.
Where is aquaculture mainly practiced?
Mainly in Southeast Asia.
Which countries have offshore wind farms?
China, the UK, Germany, Finland, Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium.
What are halieutic resources?
Fishing resources and living aquatic resources exploited by aquaculture.
How many people did halieutic resources feed in 2020?
One billion people.
How did halieutic resource consumption in 2020 compare to the 1960s?
It was twice as high.
How much marine fish is produced annually?
78 million tonnes per year.
What types of fishing does marine fishing include?
Artisanal and industrial fishing using nets or lines.
What is overfishing?
Fishing that prevents organisms from reproducing.
What is aquaculture?
Industrial farming of fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and algae in water.
Which countries are major aquaculture and salmon exporters to Europe?
China, Norway, and Vietnam.
How many travelers did cruise tourism carry in 2019?
28 million travelers.
Which city was the world's leading cruise port in 2019?
Miami.
Which sea hosts most cruise tourism?
The Mediterranean Sea.
Where is cruise tourism developing besides the Mediterranean?
In the Arctic, Antarctic, and northern South China Sea.
What attracts visitors to Arctic cruises?
Observing icebergs.
What negative impact do Arctic cruises have on landscapes?
They contribute to the disappearance of icebergs.
What do undersea cables connect and carry securely?
Undersea cables connect continents and carry information securely.
Which regions did nineteenth-century undersea cables link?
They linked Europe to North America and the United States.
Name one natural cause of undersea cable damage.
Erosion can damage undersea cables.
What human action can deliberately damage undersea cables?
Sabotage during conflicts can damage undersea cables.
What can controlling undersea cables enable regarding communication?
It can enable communication to be blocked.
What security risks arise from controlling undersea cables?
Information can be monitored and espionage or wiretapping can occur.
What defines a landlocked country?
A country without a coastline or direct access to the sea.
Give an example of a landlocked country.
Switzerland or Lesotho are examples of landlocked countries.
What is a maritime façade?
A developed coastline with several ports connecting hinterland globally.
Which ocean does the main maritime route between the Americas and Asia cross?
The Pacific Ocean.
Where are the main maritime façades located?
Southwest Asia, West Africa, Western Europe, and North America.
What is the length of a standard 20-foot container in meters?
6 meters.
What is the length of a standard 40-foot container in meters?
12 meters.
What percentage of world trade did maritime trade represent in 2023?
Approximately 90%.
What is globalization in the context of maritime trade?
The process of increasing international exchanges by sea.
Since when has globalization accelerated due to maritime transport changes?
Since the 1970s.
Which oceans do the main maritime routes link as an international highway?
The Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and North Atlantic.
What do specialized maritime routes transport from the Middle East and Gulf of Guinea?
Hydrocarbons.
What percentage of maritime exchanges occurred between European, Asian, and North American façades in 2023?
75%.
What is the role of a maritime hub in international trade?
It concentrates traffic in a main port before redistributing it to secondary ports.
Name one major maritime hub in Asia and one in Europe as of 2023.
Ningbo in Asia and Rotterdam in Europe.
Test your knowledge with 19 questions on Seas and Oceans in Globalization.
1. How do seas and oceans contribute to globalization beyond serving as routes for international circulation?
2. Which statement best explains why maritime spaces are economically important in globalization?
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