Into how many regions were the thirteen British colonies divided by the eighteenth century?
Three regions.
Which colonies made up the Northern Colonies?
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire.
Which colonies were part of the Middle Colonies?
Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware.
Which colonies formed the Southern Colonies?
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland, and Georgia.
What were Crown colonies in British colonization?
Colonies taken over by the British Crown after joint-stock companies failed.
Who founded and governed Proprietary colonies?
Powerful individuals with a charter from the monarch.
Who founded Maryland and why?
Lord Baltimore founded Maryland as a haven for Catholics.
What did the Toleration Act of 1649 in Maryland allow?
Christians of different denominations to practice their religion.
Who founded Pennsylvania and for whom?
William Penn founded it as a haven for Quakers.
What was Pennsylvania's policy on religion?
It tolerated people of different religions.
What does the name Philadelphia mean?
The city of brotherly love.
Who appointed the British governors in most colonies?
The king or the proprietor appointed them.
Who elected the assemblies in most colonies?
Landowning men elected the assemblies.
What political tradition did the colonies develop among white male elites?
A strong tradition of political participation and debate.
What was mercantilism based on?
Countries becoming wealthy and powerful through international trade.
What trade practices did mercantilism require countries to follow?
Minimize imports, maximize exports, and establish colonial trade monopolies.
What roles did colonies have under mercantilism?
Providing raw materials and buying manufactured goods from the mother country.
What did the 1651 Navigation Acts require for colonial goods to Great Britain?
They had to be transported only on British ships.
What trade restriction did the 1663 Navigation Acts impose on colonies?
Colonies had to conduct trade mainly through Britain.
What happened to New Amsterdam under English control?
It was taken by the English and renamed New York.
Who authorized African capture and transport to Americas on August 18, 1518?
King Charles I of Spain.
When did the first ship with enslaved Africans arrive in Virginia?
August 1619.
What regions did the triangular trade connect?
Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
What is another name for the triangular trade?
The Atlantic system.
Who obtained captured Africans from African intermediaries in the triangular trade?
European and American traders.
What did European and American traders exchange for captured Africans?
Manufactured goods.
Where were enslaved Africans transported in the triangular trade?
To the Americas.
What did traders export from the Americas to Europe in the triangular trade?
Plantation raw materials.
How many Africans were transported to the Americas in the transatlantic slave trade?
At least 10.7 million Africans were transported.
How many people died during the Middle Passage due to harsh conditions?
Around 1.8 million people died during the Middle Passage.
What percentage of enslaved Africans ended up in the area of the modern United States?
Approximately 5% of enslaved Africans ended up there.
How were enslaved people in North America legally treated and controlled?
They were treated as commodities and controlled by slave codes.
Was slavery legal in all thirteen colonies during the colonial period?
Yes, slavery was legal in all thirteen colonies at different times.
Why was slavery important to the Southern plantation economy?
Because it depended heavily on enslaved labor to produce cash crops.
In which year did the American colonies declare their independence?
In 1776.
Test your knowledge with 16 questions on Colonial America and Independence.
1. By the eighteenth century, how were the thirteen British colonies geographically organized?
2. Which group correctly identifies the colonies classified as Southern Colonies?
Review the complete course in the study sheet for Colonial America and Independence.
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