Protectionism: Government policies that restrict imports, for example through tariffs, to protect national industries and prioritize national economic interests over an integrated European market.
In 1923, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi launched the Pan-Europa project, a Christian and conservative proposal for European cooperation to preserve peace and European civilization.
In 1923, Leon Trotsky proposed the United Soviet States of Europe, a communist union based on socialist revolution and international working-class solidarity.
1. What was the central purpose of Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi’s Pan-Europa project, launched in 1923?
2. What practical weakness did interwar proposals for European unity share?
3. Why did European states have incentives to cooperate after the Second World War?
Which Christian and conservative European cooperation project did Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi launch in 1923?
Pan-Europa.
Which two countries emerged as the major superpowers after the Second World War?
The United States and the Soviet Union.
What three needs encouraged postwar European cooperation?
Economic reconstruction, lasting peace, and reconsideration of Europe’s balance of power.
What does protectionism mean in the context of European markets?
Government policies that restrict imports to protect national industries and prioritize national economic interests.
What is intergovernmental cooperation?
International collaboration in which national governments remain the main political actors.
How are decisions generally made in intergovernmental cooperation?
By consensus.
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