How many ranges comprise the Northern Mountains?
Three ranges.
What peak characteristics distinguish the Northern Mountains?
They have pyramidal peaks and parallel ridges.
Which rivers drain the Karakoram?
The Hunza, Mastuj, and Gilgit rivers.
Which rivers drain the Himalayas?
The Indus and its eastern tributaries.
Which rivers drain the Hindu Kush?
The Swat, Kunar, and Panjkora rivers.
How do temperatures change with altitude in the northern mountains?
They decrease as altitude increases.
What are temperatures like above 4,500 m in the northern mountains year-round?
They remain cold or freezing.
Which months have the lowest temperatures in the northern mountains?
December and January.
What weather characterizes northern mountain winters?
They are long and cold, with cold winds, rain, and snowfall from Western Depressions.
What is transhumance in the Northern Mountains?
The seasonal movement of people and animals between lower winter pastures and higher summer pastures.
Where is agriculture practiced in the Northern Mountains?
In valleys and on terraced fields.
Which industries and activities provide livelihoods in the Northern Mountains?
Cattle breeding, small-scale industries, tourism, food processing, and vegetable-oil production.
What feeds the Indus and its tributaries in summer?
Melting snow and glaciers from the Northern Mountains.
What terrain and landforms characterize the Western Mountains?
They have rugged terrain, thin soils, parallel ranges, pyramidal peaks, and intermontane valleys.
What height range is stated for the Western Mountains?
Their average heights are 1,500–3,000 m, with some reaching 3,000–4,000 m.
What infrastructure shortages hinder development in the Western Mountains?
Inadequate roads, bridges, and electricity.
What security condition hinders development in the Western Mountains?
Insecurity.
What limits the Western Mountains’ agricultural potential?
Limited agricultural land.
What financial and governmental constraints hinder Western Mountains development?
Lack of investment capital and government attention.
What demographic condition hinders development in the Western Mountains?
Low population density.
Which northern basins are found on the Balochistan Plateau?
Zhob and Loralai.
What are shallow depressions receiving temporary Balochistan Plateau streams called?
Hamuns.
How high do Balochistan Plateau ranges rise?
Up to 3,010 m.
What economic condition persists in Balochistan despite its vast untapped resources?
Balochistan remains underdeveloped.
What share of Pakistan’s gas supply comes from Balochistan?
About 46%.
Which infrastructure improvements are needed to develop Balochistan’s economy?
Improved roads and bridges.
What kind of port is Gwadar being developed as?
A deep-sea port for large ships.
Where does the Hindu Kush lie relative to Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan?
Where the borders of Afghanistan and China meet Pakistan.
What is the average height of the Hindu Kush?
5,000 m.
What is the Hindu Kush's highest peak and its elevation?
Tirich Mir, at 7,690 m.
Which valleys and historical features are found in the Hindu Kush?
Chitral, Bir, and Swat valleys, and historically significant passes used by traders and invaders.
Which route does Lowari Pass connect?
Chitral to Dir.
Which route does Shandur Pass connect?
Gilgit to Chitral.
What features also drain the Northern Mountains?
Lakes, streams, and hilly torrents.
What can glaciers occasionally create in the Northern Mountains?
Small ponds of snowmelt water.
How can winter snowfall and cold affect roads and communications?
They can cause roads and communications to close.
How can freezing winter temperatures affect water supplies?
Frozen pipelines can limit water supplies.
What outdoor activities can cold winters restrict?
Outdoor economic activity and tourism.
What needs increase during cold northern winters?
The need for fuel wood and warm clothes increases.
Which countries do Northern Mountain trade routes connect with Pakistan?
China and Afghanistan.
What resources do the Northern Mountains supply to industries?
Minerals, timber, and fruit.
What do the Northern Mountains protect Pakistan from?
Cold winds from Central Asia.
Why is per-capita income limited in the Northern Areas?
Low economic growth combined with rapid population growth limits per-capita income.
How high does Koh-i-Sufaid rise, and where is it located?
It rises to 4,712 m south of the Kabul River.
What route to Afghanistan passes through Koh-i-Sufaid?
The Kurram Pass.
What is the Waziristan Hills’ maximum elevation and location?
They reach 3,513 m between the Kurram and Gomal rivers.
What is the highest peak of the Sulaiman Range?
Takht-i-Sulaiman.
Which rivers drain the Kirthar Range in Sindh?
The Hab and Lyari rivers.
Which rivers drain the Western Mountains across their named regions?
The Swat and Kabul in Peshawar, Kohat in Kohat, Gomal, Tochi, and Khurram in Waziristan and Bannu, and Hub and Lyari in the Kirthar Range; the Sulaiman Mountains have temporary rivers.
What is the exploration status of the Western Mountains’ mineral resources?
They remain largely unexplored.
What forms when rainwater collects in Balochistan Plateau hamuns?
Salt lakes form.
What remains in Balochistan salt pans after evaporation?
Salt.
Which ranges are found on the Balochistan Plateau?
Toba Kakar, Ras Koh, Hala, Central Brahui, Makran Coast, and Siahan.
Which sea borders Balochistan to the south?
The Arabian Sea.
What type of port is Gwadar?
A deep-sea port.
What happens to surplus fruit grown in Balochistan?
It is sold in other provinces and exported.
Which livestock-farming practice is common in Balochistan?
Nomadic livestock farming.
Which three ports are Balochistan’s main fishing ports?
Gwadar, Ormara, and Pasni.
What employment benefit is intended from Gwadar’s tax-free status?
Creation of local employment.
Answer 19 questions on Pakistan’s Mountain Regions and Balochistan.
1. Which combination best describes the relief and passes of the Northern Mountains?
2. A traveler needs to go from Gilgit to Chitral by a mountain pass. Which pass connects these two places?
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