What is a moneme according to Martinet?
The minimal unit with a meaningful function.
What is a syntagm according to Martinet?
A combination of at least two monemes with especially close mutual relations.
How does Bloomfield define a word?
A form utterable alone but not divisible into meaningful elements each utterable alone.
How does Bloomfield distinguish morphemes, syntagms, and words by form?
Morphemes are minimal forms, syntagms are free non-minimal forms, and words are free minimal forms.
What defines Coseriu’s repeated discourse?
Traditional fixed expressions whose elements cannot be replaced or recombined by current language rules.
How does Coseriu classify repeated discourse expressions?
By whether they can be substituted for phrases, syntagms, or words.
What is a lexeme in the organization of language?
A lexical morpheme forming a basic unit of the lexicon.
What is a grammeme in the organization of language?
A grammatical morpheme contributing to sentence organization, from a closed system with minimal semantic content.
What is a radical in a word?
A non-affix morpheme to which the signified is linked.
What is a root in morphology?
A virtual form realized through different radicals.
What is a base in word formation?
A word to which an affix is added to form a derived word.
What can removing an affix from a derived word reveal?
Its base.
What is an affix?
A morpheme attached to a base or a radical.
What distinguishes derivational from inflectional affixes?
Derivational affixes create words; inflectional affixes add grammatical information without creating new words.
What are allomorphs?
Different contextual realizations of the same morpheme.
When are meanings of a form treated as distinct morphological homonyms?
When they have no semantic connection.
What does derivation create by attaching affixes to a lexical base?
A new word.
How does composition create a new word?
By combining existing words and/or learned bases rather than adding affixes.
Which meaningful units does André Martinet distinguish?
The moneme and the syntagm.
What does André Martinet argue about the word?
It is not a formalizable notion.
How many monemes does Martinet identify in *hier*?
One moneme.
How many monemes does Martinet identify in *aim/able*?
Two monemes.
What does Martinet classify *en voiture* as?
A syntagm.
How do synthèmes differ from monemes and syntagms in Martinet’s analysis?
Synthèmes result from derivation or composition.
Which linguist is considered the founder of distributionalism?
Bloomfield.
Which axis does distributionalism prioritize when analyzing forms?
The syntagmatic axis.
In Bloomfield’s analysis, which element in *un homme calculateur* can occur autonomously?
*Calculateur*.
Why is Bloomfield’s autonomy criterion problematic for grammatical words?
Determiners accompany nouns, while prepositions introduce noun phrases or infinitive verbs.
Which grammatical classes can free lexemes belong to?
Simple nouns, adjectives, verbs, or adverbs.
What forms can bound lexemes take?
Derivational prefixes and suffixes, or Greek and Latin stems.
Which grammatical classes include free grammemes?
Pronouns, determiners, auxiliaries, prepositions, and conjunctions.
What do bound grammemes mark on verbs, adjectives, and nouns?
Tense, mood, and person on verbs; gender and number on adjectives and nouns.
In *mangeait*, what does *-ai-* mark?
The imperfect.
In *enseignantes*, what does *-s* mark?
Plural.
Which radicals realize the root /ven/ in *venir*?
*Ven-* in *venait* and *vienn-* in *vienne*.
When does a base coincide with its radical?
When the base cannot be decomposed into smaller morphemes.
How are combinatory variants distributed across contexts?
They occur in complementary distribution.
Which allomorphs of *aller* appear in *allons*, *iraient*, *vas*, and *aille*?
*all-*, *i-*, *v-*, and *aill-*.
What determines the distribution of free variants?
Speakers’ individual habits, not context.
Which free allomorphs of *asseoir* appear in *assois* and *assieds*?
*assoi-* and *assied-*.
What does *-ier* express in *poirier*, *plombier*, and *princier*?
A tree name, an occupation, and an adjective expressing a relation to a noun.
What does *-ais* express in *antillais*?
An inhabitant name.
Where are suffixes added to a base?
At the end.
What grammatical effect do suffixes most often have?
They change the base’s grammatical class.
Where are prefixes added to a base?
At the beginning.
What does a prefix change without changing the base’s grammatical class?
The base’s meaning.
What does proper composition combine?
Autonomous words.
What does learned composition combine?
Greek or Latin bases that are not necessarily autonomous.
Answer 16 questions on Morphology and Word Formation.
1. In Martinet’s terminology, what is a moneme?
2. In an analysis using Martinet’s categories, a phrase consists of two monemes whose mutual relations are especially close. Which unit does the phrase exemplify?
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