What are primary activities?
Work on or with land or sea to extract natural resources.
How are rural settlements located relative to urban areas and one another?
They are far from urban areas and from one another.
What spatial patterns can rural settlements have?
They may be isolated and spread out or clustered together.
What livelihood supports residents of farm settlements?
Farming.
Where do mining and quarrying settlements develop?
Where minerals occur beneath Earth's surface.
What can mining settlements grow into?
Small towns.
Where do rural fishing settlements occur?
Along coasts where fish are caught.
What kinds of fishing do rural fishing settlements support?
Subsistence and commercial fishing.
What does subsistence farming produce, and for whose needs?
Food for farmers and their families.
What is commercial farming?
Growing cash crops to sell for money as a business.
Which functions do urban settlements provide for their residents?
Employment, housing, entertainment, recreation, services, transport, and places of worship.
What features characterize a central business district?
It is the city center, with tall buildings, heavy traffic, high land and rental costs, and large-company offices.
Where is the transition zone located, and what characterizes its areas?
It surrounds the CBD and contains both deteriorated and renovated areas.
What types of housing and settlements occur in residential areas?
High-, middle-, and low-income housing, including informal settlements such as shacks or squatter camps.
What is an aerial photograph?
A photograph of part of the Earth's surface taken from an aircraft.
At what angle is an oblique aerial photograph's camera aimed?
At an angle of less than 90° to the Earth's surface.
What landscape features do oblique aerial photographs show?
The sides of landscape features.
At what angle is a vertical aerial photograph's camera aimed?
Directly at the Earth's surface at 90°.
What scale does a vertical aerial photograph have?
A uniform scale.
What do vertical aerial photographs show about landscape features?
Their shape and size.
What does urbanization increase in a population?
The proportion living in urban settlements.
What pressure do migrants add to urban services?
Additional pressure on already overcrowded services.
What materials commonly make up formal houses?
Brick and cement with proper roofs.
What materials are commonly used for informal homes?
Wood, corrugated iron, and plastic.
What materials are used to make traditional African homes?
Natural materials.
Which examples are other forms of housing?
Rooms, caravans, tents, and boats.
What infrastructure shortages affect health care and education?
There are too few clinics, hospitals, and schools.
What condition affects existing health care and education services?
They are overcrowded.
What does migration mean?
Leaving one's home to look for work.
What is not always available in rural settlements?
Basic necessities.
Which South African cities began as rural mining settlements?
Kimberley and Johannesburg.
In which South African provinces are forestry settlements found?
Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, and the Eastern Cape.
What danger must residents of forestry stations watch for?
Forest fires.
How do subsistence farmers typically perform farm work?
They use traditional methods, little modern technology, and their own labor.
What crops and animals are commonly found on subsistence farms?
Different crops, such as maize, and livestock such as cattle.
How large are fields on subsistence farms?
They are small.
How does machinery affect worker numbers on commercial farms?
Machinery replaces farm laborers, so few workers are needed.
What technology do commercial farms generally use throughout farming?
Modern technology.
What is monoculture?
Large-scale growing of one crop to sell at a profit.
How do low-, middle-, and high-income housing differ in cost?
Low-income housing is cheaper, middle-income housing is affordable, and high-income housing is expensive.
What characterizes densely populated areas compared with suburban housing?
Densely populated areas have closely spaced apartments or small houses, while suburban houses have large gardens.
Where may services and recreation be located?
In rural or urban transition zones, around urban settlements, or in town and shopping centers.
Which examples of services and recreation are given?
Nurseries, golf courses, and sports grounds.
How does foreground scale compare with background scale in an oblique aerial photograph?
Foreground features appear larger than background features.
What can happen when urban areas lack enough jobs?
Unemployment can increase.
What does infrastructure consist of?
A country's services and facilities.
What resources may health care and education services lack?
They may lack staff, supplies, equipment, and funding.
What affordability barrier may prevent people from using health care and education services?
People may be unable to afford the services.
What transportation barrier may prevent people from reaching health care and education services?
People may have difficulty traveling to the services.
Answer 17 questions on Rural and Urban Settlements.
1. Which activities are examples of primary activities?
2. Regarding the spatial pattern of rural settlements, which statement is accurate?
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