What consequences did diamond and gold discoveries cause in South Africa?
Political, economic, and social consequences.
How did mineral discoveries affect power struggles in South Africa?
They intensified struggles over power.
When did the Boer War take place?
From 1899 to 1902.
What caused the Boer War?
Economic, political, and strategic causes.
What treaty ended the Boer War?
The Treaty of Vereeniging.
What did the Treaty of Vereeniging precede?
The creation of the Union of South Africa.
When was the Act of Union established?
In 1910.
What did the Act of Union create?
The Union of South Africa.
Between which years did Smuts and Hertzog's governments develop segregation policies?
From 1910 to 1948.
Which party won the 1948 election in South Africa?
The National Party.
What did the National Party do after winning the 1948 election?
Developed and institutionalized apartheid policies.
What was apartheid in South Africa?
A system of legally enforced racial separation and discrimination.
Who developed apartheid policies in South Africa?
Malan developed apartheid policies.
What was one impact of Malan's apartheid policies?
Systematic separation and political exclusion of the African majority.
Who developed grand apartheid including the bantustan system?
Verwoerd developed grand apartheid including the bantustan system.
What did the bantustan system assign to Black South Africans?
Ethnically defined territories.
Which organization became central to resistance against apartheid?
The African National Congress.
How did the ANC's resistance to apartheid change over time?
It became increasingly radicalized.
When did the ANC decide to adopt armed struggle?
After the Sharpeville massacre.
What did the Soweto massacres and township unrest in the 1980s show?
Continuing mass resistance to apartheid.
What effect did Commonwealth and UN sanctions have on South Africa?
They imposed economic pressure contributing to negotiation decisions.
When did F. W. de Klerk become president of South Africa?
September 1989
Why was South Africa internationally isolated in 1989?
Because of apartheid
What did de Klerk announce on 2 February 1990?
Lifting bans on liberation movements and releasing Nelson Mandela
When was Nelson Mandela released from prison?
11 February 1990
How long was Nelson Mandela imprisoned before his release?
27 years
What role did Nelson Mandela play after his release?
A central role in negotiations for a non-racial democracy
What restrictions did de Klerk’s reforms remove?
Restrictions on media and demonstrations
What did de Klerk’s reforms begin dismantling?
The legislative foundations of apartheid
What was the purpose of CODESA negotiations in South Africa?
To provide a platform for parties to discuss South Africa’s transition to democracy.
What was signed by the ANC and government in September 1992?
A Protocol of Understanding that resolved disputes and revitalized the transition.
When were South Africa's first elections with all-race participation?
April 1994.
What percentage of votes did the ANC win in 1994 elections?
62.65%.
Who became South Africa's first Black president after 1994 elections?
Nelson Mandela.
Who chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission after apartheid?
Archbishop Desmond Tutu.
What major economic challenge did South Africa face after apartheid?
Persistent economic inequality and land redistribution issues.
Which groups conflicted over political control due to mineral discoveries?
The Boers and the British.
What did segregation and discrimination cause among the African majority?
Protests against racial rule.
Who led the Black Consciousness movement against apartheid?
Steve Biko.
What did the Black Consciousness movement encourage?
Psychological and political resistance to apartheid.
How did the international anti-apartheid movement influence foreign policy?
Through condemnation, protests, and support for sanctions.
What event caused a temporary failure of negotiations in June 1992?
The massacre of Boipatong.
Which leader's assassination in April 1993 nearly derailed South Africa's transition?
Chris Hani.
Which party initially boycotted but later joined the 1994 elections?
The Inkatha Freedom Party.
What caused deadly violence in KwaZulu-Natal after 1994?
Tensions between the ANC and Inkatha Freedom Party.
Which military force integrated former liberation fighters post-apartheid?
The South African Defence Force.
Answer 24 questions on South Africa and the End of Apartheid.
1. What broad effect did the discovery of diamond and gold mines have on South Africa?
2. Why did mineral discoveries contribute to conflict between Boers and British communities in South Africa?
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