Which four elements compose over 95% of living organisms?
Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen.
What is blood composed of?
Formed elements suspended in plasma.
What percentage of blood does plasma constitute?
55–60%.
What components does plasma contain?
Water, inorganic salts, and proteins.
What distinguishes plasma from serum?
Serum lacks platelets and fibrinogen after clotting.
What is plasma in relation to blood cells?
The fluid in which blood cells are suspended.
What does haematocrit measure?
The volume of packed red blood cells relative to whole blood volume.
What is the formula for haematocrit?
What is the composition of normal saline used intravenously?
0.9% sodium chloride solution.
What is hypernatremia?
A higher than usual plasma or serum sodium ion level.
What role does calcium play in the body?
It supports nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood clotting, and bone.
What is the major extracellular anion and its function?
Chloride; it contributes to water balance.
Which ion is the major intracellular cation involved in nerve impulses?
Potassium.
What is a solute in a solution?
A substance that dissolves through a solvent.
Which substances dissociate in water to form charged ions?
Electrolytes mostly inorganic like sodium, potassium, and chloride.
What distinguishes non-electrolytes from electrolytes?
They do not dissociate in water and are uncharged.
How do effective osmoles affect osmotic pressure?
They affect osmotic pressure and can cross the membrane.
What is true about ineffective osmoles and osmotic pressure?
They cannot affect osmotic pressure but can cross the membrane.
What causes the surface of a liquid to behave as if it is tense?
Cohesive forces between water molecules linked by hydrogen bonds.
How does a manometer measure pressure?
By means of a vertical column of fluid.
What is pulmonary surfactant composed of?
A mixture of phospholipids and proteins.
Which cells produce pulmonary surfactant?
Type 2 alveolar cells.
What is the function of pulmonary surfactant at the alveolar interface?
It reduces surface tension at the alveolar air–liquid interface.
How does surfactant help alveoli during breathing?
It lubricates alveoli, allowing expansion without overstretching and contraction without collapse.
What causes neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
Absent or insufficient surfactant in premature newborns.
What effect does insufficient surfactant have on alveoli in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome?
It allows alveoli to collapse.
What defines monosaccharides in carbohydrates?
They are single carbohydrate units.
What causes lactose intolerance symptoms in the colon?
Colonic bacteria ferment lactose producing gas and osmotic effects.
What is protein primary structure composed of?
An amino acid chain.
What causes protein secondary structure shapes like alpha-helix?
Hydrogen bonding causes coiling or folding.
What distinguishes globular proteins from fibrous proteins?
Globular proteins are functional, fibrous proteins are structural like keratin and collagen.
What is carbon dioxide in cellular respiration?
A waste product.
What effect does rising arterial carbon dioxide have?
It stimulates respiration.
What percentage of blood does the buffy coat represent?
Less than 1%.
Which cells are contained in the buffy coat?
White blood cells and platelets.
How does an increased haematocrit affect blood viscosity?
It increases blood viscosity.
What effect can increased haematocrit have on blood vessels?
It can affect resistance in blood vessels.
How does increased sodium affect water balance?
It retains water and indirectly affects blood pressure.
Give examples of effective osmoles.
Sodium ions and glucose.
Which osmole is an example of an ineffective osmole?
Urea.
What is a meniscus in a liquid container?
The curve in the upper surface of a liquid where it touches the container surface.
When is neonatal respiratory distress syndrome mostly seen?
Before the 28th week of gestation.
When does surfactant production begin and mature during gestation?
It begins around 24–26 weeks and matures around 34–35 weeks.
What does glycogen hydrolysis during fasting release?
Glucose monomers into the blood.
Between which atoms does a disulfide bond form in proteins?
Between two sulfur atoms of cysteine.
What interaction occurs between two non-polar side chains in proteins?
A hydrophobic interaction.
Answer 18 questions on Body Fluids and Biomolecules.
1. The effects of pulmonary surfactant on alveolar mechanics include:
2. Concerning globular and fibrous proteins, which statements are accurate?
Go over the full study guide for Body Fluids and Biomolecules.
Read the study guide →Upload your class notes and Revizly writes your flashcards in about a minute.
Flashcard maker