Mutations — definition?
Changes in DNA passed to daughter cells.
Genetic diversity — source?
Mutations create inherited variation.
DNA repair — role?
Corrects mutations, preventing transmission.
Protein synthesis — stages?
Transcription in nucleus, translation in cytoplasm.
Genetic code — function?
Links DNA codons to amino acids.
Transcription — mechanism?
Produces mRNA from DNA template.
Translation — mechanism?
Synthesizes proteins from mRNA.
Point mutations — types?
Substitution, insertion, deletion.
Silent mutation — effect?
No change in amino acid.
Frameshift mutation — effect?
Shifts reading frame, often early STOP.
Chromosomal mutation — cause?
Crossing-over during meiosis.
Fission — chromosomal change?
Chromosome splits into two.
Aneuploidy — definition?
Chromosome number abnormality.
Trisomy 21 — condition?
Extra chromosome 21, Down syndrome.
Test your knowledge with 14 questions on Genetic Mutations and Evolution.
1. What is a chromosomal translocation?
2. Which point mutation type changes one base into another base?
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