Which author and year are associated with Griffith’s bacterial transformation experiment?
F. Griffith, 1928.
What happened to nonvirulent bacteria mixed with heat-killed virulent bacteria in Griffith’s experiment?
Some nonvirulent cells became virulent.
Which experiment established that viral DNA enters bacteria and supports new viral particle synthesis?
The Hershey and Chase “Blender experiment,” 1952.
What components make up a nucleoside?
A sugar and a base.
What distinguishes a nucleotide from a nucleoside?
A nucleotide has one or more phosphate groups.
Which sugar group can receive a new base during DNA strand growth?
The sugar’s 3′-OH.
In which direction does a DNA strand grow?
From 5′ to 3′.
Which author and decade are associated with Chargaff’s rule?
Chargaff, 1940s.
According to Chargaff’s rule, which bases occur in equal amounts?
Guanine and cytosine; adenine and thymine.
What do hydrogen bonds between bases on opposite DNA strands contribute to?
The stability of the double helix.
Which researchers and year are associated with semiconservative DNA replication?
Meselson and Stahl, 1958.
What does each DNA molecule contain after semiconservative replication?
One original strand and one new strand.
What preserves the fidelity of DNA replication?
Complementary base pairing.
What information flow does the central dogma describe?
DNA to RNA to protein.
What does transcription use as a template to produce RNA?
DNA.
What does translation use to produce proteins?
RNA.
Which sugar does DNA contain?
Deoxyribose.
Which sugar does RNA contain?
Ribose.
Which four bases does DNA use?
Adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
Which four bases does RNA use?
Adenine, uracil, cytosine, and guanine.
What is the size and strand structure of DNA?
Very large and double-stranded.
What is the size and strand structure of RNA?
Smaller and single-stranded.
Which bacteria did Griffith find killed mice in 1928?
Virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae.
What happened to mice injected with nonvirulent Streptococcus pneumoniae in Griffith’s 1928 experiment?
They survived.
What did Griffith’s transformation experiment suggest remained in heat-killed virulent bacteria?
Genetic information.
Which evidence did Watson and Crick use to build their three-dimensional DNA model?
Franklin’s X-ray crystallography, Wilkins’s contributions, and Chargaff’s biochemical results.
In which direction are nucleotide sequences read?
From 5′ to 3′.
What bond forms the C-O-P-O-C linkage in DNA?
A covalent phosphodiester bond.
What results from interactions between bases on the same DNA strand?
Base stacking.
What does DNA replication produce from the original DNA molecule?
Two new double helices that are copies of the original.
What is a mutation during DNA replication?
An error in installing one or more bases.
Where does transcription occur in eukaryotic cells?
In the nucleus.
What happens to eukaryotic RNA before it enters the cytoplasm?
It is processed.
How do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotes?
More or less simultaneously.
What information flow can reverse transcription enable in certain RNA viruses?
RNA to DNA, then back to RNA and protein.
What phosphate group does DNA have at its 5′ end?
A monophosphate.
What phosphate group does RNA have at its 5′ end?
A triphosphate.
Which scientist discovered DNA in 1869 and named it “nuclein”?
Friedrich Miescher.
Answer 15 questions on Chromosomes and Molecular Biology.
1. Researchers heat-kill virulent bacteria, mix them with nonvirulent bacteria, and inject the mixture into mice. What outcome matches Griffith’s transformation experiment?
2. What did Hershey and Chase’s 1952 T2 phage blender experiment establish about viral DNA?
Go over the full study guide for Chromosomes and Molecular Biology.
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