What do root hair cells provide for absorbing water and mineral ions?
A large surface area.
Where are root hair cells located?
On the root surface.
Where do water and dissolved mineral ions move after crossing the root hair cell membrane?
Into the cytoplasm.
What route do water and dissolved mineral ions take into root hair cells?
From spaces between soil particles through the cell wall and membrane.
What are xylem vessels formed from?
Long, hollow tubes formed from dead cells.
What disappears from the dead cells forming xylem vessels?
Their contents and end walls.
What path does water take from the root into the plant?
It moves from the root’s outside toward its centre, enters the xylem, and travels upward.
What do blue spots in a coloured-water stalk cross-section indicate?
Xylem cells.
What is transpiration in leaves?
The loss of water vapour from leaves.
Where does water move first during transpiration through a leaf?
From the xylem into leaf cells.
How does water vapour leave a leaf during transpiration?
It diffuses through stomata into the air.
How does water in plant cell vacuoles help support a plant?
It makes cells firm, and their pressure against one another supports the plant.
What happens to plant cells when they lack enough water?
They become soft and floppy.
What happens to a plant when its cells become soft and floppy?
It collapses.
What does water transport through the xylem from roots?
Dissolved mineral salts.
What role does water play in photosynthesis?
It is a reactant.
What is excretion?
The removal of cellular waste or substances present in excess that have been inside the body.
Why are faeces not considered excretory waste?
Food passing through the digestive system has not been part of the body.
Which three substances do humans excrete?
Carbon dioxide, urea, and excess water.
Where is urea made in humans?
In liver cells.
What is urine?
A solution of urea dissolved in excess water removed from the blood by the kidneys.
What do the kidneys remove from the blood to form urine?
Urea and excess water.
Where does urine go after leaving each kidney?
Through a ureter to the bladder.
Through which structure does urine leave the body?
The urethra.
What is a fetus?
A baby developing inside its mother before birth.
What does the fetus depend on its mother to do?
Supply needed substances and remove substances the fetus excretes.
How do substances pass between maternal and fetal blood systems?
They diffuse between the two blood systems without the blood mixing.
In which direction do fetal excretory substances diffuse?
From the fetal blood system toward the maternal blood system.
What diet and food intake does pregnancy require?
A balanced diet and slightly more food than usual.
What does protein support in fetal development?
Fetal cell production and growth.
What does carbohydrate supply during fetal development?
Energy.
Which substances from a pregnant woman’s blood diffuse into fetal blood?
Carbon monoxide and nicotine.
How does carbon monoxide affect oxygen transport by haemoglobin?
It reduces the amount of oxygen haemoglobin can transport.
What may happen to fetal development when carbon monoxide reduces oxygen delivery?
Fetal cells may develop differently.
What can happen when a pregnant woman takes drugs that are not needed?
They can harm the fetus.
Which substances should pregnant women avoid to protect a developing fetus?
Alcohol and illegal drugs.
Why should pregnant women avoid drinking a lot of coffee or cola?
Caffeine may harm a developing fetus.
Which mineral ions are examples absorbed by root hair cells from soil water?
Magnesium and nitrate ions.
What tissue makes up the wood in a tree trunk?
Xylem vessels.
In which direction do tree-trunk xylem vessels carry water?
From the roots toward the top of the tree.
How do you trace water transport through a stalk using coloured water?
Place the clean cut end in coloured water, observe the dye moving upward, then cut across the stalk to locate stained xylem.
What variables must a fair test of temperature’s effect on water movement control or assess?
Change temperature, measure movement rate, keep other relevant variables constant, and assess risks.
From which leaf surface does most transpiration occur?
The underside.
How are leaf groups treated to compare water loss from different surfaces?
Coat their upper surface, lower surface, both surfaces, or neither with petroleum jelly.
What is compared after treating leaf groups with petroleum jelly?
Their mass changes.
How does water evaporation from leaf cell walls affect leaf cells?
It removes heat and cools them.
What triggers the liver to convert digested protein molecules into urea?
Protein intake exceeding the body’s needs.
How is urea transported away from the liver?
In the blood.
What is another name for the excretory system?
The renal system.
What does a pregnant woman need in her diet?
Vitamins.
How does smoking during pregnancy affect a baby’s size at birth?
Babies tend to be smaller than those born to non-smoking mothers.
Whom should a pregnant woman consult before changing a regularly prescribed drug?
A doctor or pharmacist.
What is the approximate diameter of a xylem vessel?
About 0.05 mm.
Answer 25 questions on Plant Water and Human Health.
1. What feature of root hair cells makes them effective at absorbing water and mineral ions from soil?
2. Which route does water and dissolved mineral ions take as they enter a root hair cell from soil?
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