What is an import in international trade?
A good or service brought into one country from another.
What defines an export in trade terms?
A good or service produced in the home country and sold abroad.
Which agricultural products are major exports of Fiji?
Sugar, fish, coconuts, taro, copra, pawpaw, and ginger.
Name other major exports of Fiji besides agricultural products.
Garments, mineral water, and gold.
What was Fiji's trade deficit in agriculture crop and livestock in 2015?
FJD$316 million.
What is import substitution in trade policy?
A policy replacing foreign imports with domestic production to reduce dependency.
What does trade facilitation simplify and harmonise?
International trade procedures for data related to goods movement.
What role does Fiji Biosecurity Services Division play in trade?
It safeguards Fiji by removing trade barriers and controlling goods.
What are key steps to improve Fiji’s trade?
Increase production, crop scheduling, high-value crops, organic farming, support, stakeholder engagement, trade facilitation, and market access.
What does a green economy reduce while pursuing sustainable development?
Environmental risks and ecological scarcities.
What are the three pillars of green development?
Economic, environmental, and social.
Name one benefit of a green economy related to energy.
Affordable and clean energy.
What defines a green job?
Employment that genuinely contributes to a more sustainable world.
What defines an internal combustion engine?
Combustion occurs inside the cylinder.
How are internal combustion engines classified by stroke number?
As two-stroke or four-stroke engines.
How are internal combustion engines classified by ignition type?
As spark-ignition or compression-ignition engines.
What are the four strokes in a four-stroke spark-ignition cycle?
Intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
How many crankshaft revolutions complete one four-stroke cycle?
Two revolutions or 720°.
During which piston movement do induction and compression occur in a two-stroke engine?
During the piston’s upward movement.
What ignites the fuel in a spark-ignition engine?
A spark plug ignites the petrol and air mixture.
How is diesel ignited in a compression-ignition engine?
By compressed hot air igniting diesel sprayed by fuel injectors.
What are the three main enemies of farm machines?
Wear, dirt, and heat.
How do lubricants and bearings protect engines?
They reduce friction and wear.
What is the role of filters in engine maintenance?
Filters prevent dirt from entering the engine.
How do water-cooled engines remove heat?
By circulating coolant through water jackets.
How do air-cooled engines remove heat?
By blowing air over fins or hot surfaces.
What does a profit and loss statement measure in farming?
Farm revenues and expenses over an accounting period.
How is farm profit calculated?
Total income minus total expenses.
What does a balance sheet show for a farm?
Its assets, liabilities, and owner's equity at a specific point in time.
What is the balance sheet equation?
Assets = Liabilities + Owner's equity.
What distinguishes current assets and liabilities from non-current ones?
Current are settled within 12 months; non-current extend beyond one year.
What is the formula for annual depreciation under straight-line method?
(Purchase price - Salvage value) divided by Useful life.
What does an inventory list on a farm include?
Merchandise, stock on hand, work in progress, raw materials, finished goods, and other farm resources.
Which items are commonly included in farm inventories?
Livestock, fertiliser, stored stock feed, seed, and machinery.
What financial and planning tasks do accurate inventory records support?
Accrual income statements, year-end balance sheets, income tax filing and planning, marketing decisions, credit applications, and farm budgeting.
How is family labour distinguished from hired and permanent labour on farms?
Family labour is family members working on the farm; hired labour is employed for particular work; permanent labour are full-time farm workers.
What does a cash flow plan forecast for a business?
Cash inflows and outflows over several periods.
What is the first step in developing a cash flow plan?
Identifying start-up capital.
How does a cash flow plan help a farmer with financial decisions?
It helps make short-term financial decisions.
What is a business plan?
A formal decision-making document stating goals and how to achieve them.
What do soil chemical properties include?
Nutrients, water, air, pH, cation exchange capacity, and buffer capacity.
Which nutrients are classified as macronutrients for plants?
Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulphur.
Which nutrients are classified as micronutrients for plants?
Boron, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, molybdenum, chlorine, and cobalt.
How many essential nutrients do plants require?
Eighteen essential nutrients.
What distinguishes mobile nutrients from immobile nutrients in plants?
Mobile nutrients can move within soil or plants; immobile nutrients cannot be readily translocated.
Where do deficiencies of mobile nutrients first appear on plants?
In older leaves.
What methods are used in soil fertility evaluation?
Deficiency-symptom observation, soil testing, plant analysis, and biological techniques.
How does biological testing measure soil fertility?
By evaluating plant growth performance after fertilizer application.
Why do field plot tests randomly assign fertilizer treatments?
To improve reliability and account for soil and management variation.
What is the basis for microorganism biological tests in soil fertility?
Microorganisms have nutrient requirements similar to crop plants.
Which microorganism species is used to determine lime, phosphorus, and potassium in soil?
Azotobacter species.
What is water holding capacity in soil?
The ability of soil to retain water according to its pore capacity.
How is adhesion water held and is it available to plants?
It is tightly held as a thin film around soil particles and unavailable to plants.
Where is cohesion water held and is it available to plants?
It is held in small capillary pores and is available to plants.
How does gravitational water move and is it available to plants?
It moves rapidly through macropores and is generally unavailable.
What is field capacity in soil moisture terms?
Water remaining 24–48 hours after saturation when gravitational water has drained.
What defines the permanent wilting point for plants?
The minimum moisture at which plants wilt and cannot recover turgidity.
What does soil pH measure in a solution?
The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion activity.
What is the ideal pH range for most crops?
6.5 to 7.
Which processes increase soil acidity?
Carbonic acid, mineralization, oxidation, leaching, acidic materials, nutrient uptake, and excess fertilizers.
How does low soil pH affect nutrient availability and toxicity?
It restricts nitrogen, sulfur, molybdenum, can make phosphorus unavailable, and increases aluminium and manganese toxicity.
What does cation exchange capacity represent in soil?
The total exchangeable positive charge soil can adsorb at a specified pH.
What are the characteristics of high-CEC soils compared to sandy soils?
They contain more clay or organic matter, retain more water and cations, and resist nutrient leaching better.
What is soil buffer capacity and which components provide good buffering?
The ability to resist ion concentration or pH changes; clay minerals and humic acids provide good buffering.
How did Fiji's crop and livestock import bill change in 2015?
It declined by 7%.
By what percentage did Fiji's domestic exports increase in 2015?
10%.
Which country dominated Fiji's crop and livestock exports in 2015?
New Zealand.
When did Fiji adopt an export-oriented trade policy?
In 1989.
How much did Fiji allocate in 2016 for export promotion?
One million dollars.
Name some trade agreements Fiji is part of.
MSG, PICTA, IEPA, SPARTECA, and PACER.
What issues do Fiji’s trade agreements address?
Free trade, market access, duty-free exports, customs, standards, and quarantine.
Which sectors are included in green jobs?
Agriculture, clean transportation, green buildings, pollution prevention, renewable energy, green policy, and green funding.
Name one career related to the green economy syllabus.
Import-export specialist.
Which tractor systems require regular maintenance?
Fuel, air intake and exhaust, electrical, cooling, engine oil, hydraulic, grease-point, and power-train systems.
What components are included in a fuel system?
Storage tank, tubing, fittings, filters, carburetor, and fuel injectors.
What can cause engine overheating in a cooling system?
Blockage, leaks, or a slow fan.
How does the reducing-balance depreciation method allocate charges over time?
Higher depreciation in earlier years, lower as asset ages.
What types of records may labour records include on a farm?
Employment commencement, promotion, transfer, wage, end-of-year payment, attendance, absence, leave, retirement, provident fund, sickness, maternity, termination, and other staff records.
How do labour records assist farmers in managing employment?
They help calculate wages, verify employment rights and benefits, track employment history and skills, reduce disputes, manage Fiji National Provident Fund payments, and support employment claims.
What are the total start-up operating costs in Farmer X's example?
$185.00.
What is the projected end-of-year cash balance in Farmer X's example?
$1108.00 after deductions.
Name three components that may be included in a business plan.
Cover page, executive summary, and financial plan.
What are the key steps in soil sampling for analysis?
Dividing field, avoiding unusual areas, collecting representative portions, mixing into composite sample, labeling, and sending to lab.
What allows recommendations from field tests to be applied to other soils?
Similar characteristics of well-characterized soils.
How do laboratory and greenhouse tests differ from field tests?
They are more rapid, use higher plants and small soil quantities.
Where are laboratory and greenhouse soil tests widely accepted?
In both developed and developing countries.
How long does gravitational water take to drain from soil?
Approximately 2–3 days.
What effect can gravitational water have on plants?
It can cause plants to wilt by occupying air space needed for root oxygen.
How do weathering and decomposition affect soil ion content?
They add ions to the soil solution.
Answer 70 questions on Prawn and Crab Production Management.
1. Which situation is an example of an import into Fiji?
2. Which transaction best illustrates an export from Fiji?
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