Hoja de repaso: Fundamentals of Sports Materials and Performance

📋 Course Outline

1. Polymers, monomers and polymerization
2. Thermosoftening and thermosetting plastics
3. Balanced athlete diet and nutrient groups
4. Doping definition, criteria and health risks
5. Doping history and banned drug examples
6. Doping detection methods and testing limits
7. Monitoring athlete performance with technology
8. Sports photography camera settings

📖 1. Polymers, monomers and polymerization

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Polymer : A polymer is a very large molecule built by linking many smaller molecules together.
• Monomer : A monomer is a small molecule that can join with other monomers to form a polymer.
• Polymerization : Polymerization is the chemical reaction that bonds monomers together to create a polymer.
• Thermosoftening plastics : Thermosoftening plastics are plastics whose polymer molecules have no cross links, so they soften when heated.
• Thermosetting plastics : Thermosetting plastics are plastics that harden when heated and cannot be remelted after setting.

📝 Essential Points

• Plastics’ properties depend on both the monomers used and the conditions during joining.
• Thermosoftening plastics can be melted and reshaped multiple times when heated.
• Thermosoftening plastics are flexible and can be moulded into many shapes for sport items.
• Thermosetting plastics set hard on heating and become rigid and strong.
• Thermosetting plastics are durable and heat-resistant while maintaining shape at high temperatures.
• Examples given for thermosetting plastics include billiard balls and safety helmets.

💡 Memory Hook

Thermo-soften = no cross links (remeltable); Thermo-set = cross-linked hard set (not remeltable).

📖 2. Thermosoftening and thermosetting plastics

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Cross links : Cross links are bonds between polymer molecules that determine whether a plastic can be remelted.
• Melt and reshape : Melt and reshape describes the repeated heating behavior of thermosoftening plastics.
• Set hard : Set hard describes the irreversible hardening behavior of thermosetting plastics.
• Heat resistance : Heat resistance is the ability of a material to stay stable and keep its shape under high temperatures.

📝 Essential Points

• Thermosoftening plastics have no cross links between polymer molecules.
• Because thermosoftening plastics lack cross links, they can be melted and reshaped multiple times.
• Thermosoftening plastics are described as flexible and useful for moulding into sport-related shapes.
• Thermosetting plastics cannot be remelted once they have set.
• Thermosetting plastics maintain their shape at high temperatures.
• The source links thermosetting plastics to durable, heat-resistant products like billiard balls and safety helmets.

💡 Memory Hook

No cross links → remelt (soft); Cross links → hard set (resist heat).

📖 3. Balanced athlete diet and nutrient groups

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Balanced diet : A balanced diet is a food pattern that provides the nutrients needed to support health and energy needs.
• Energy balance : Energy balance is the match between energy used by activity and energy taken in through food and drink.
• Nutrient groups : Nutrient groups are the categories of essential nutrients athletes must balance in their diet.
• Hydration : Hydration is maintaining adequate water and fluid intake to support body function during training and performance.

📝 Essential Points

• Athletes need to take in more energy when they become more active to restore energy balance.
• Diet adjustments depend on sport, training/performance schedule, gender, and the time of day or month.
• Body factors include height and weight, and diet needs also vary with temperature, season, weather, and atmospheric pressure.
• Average daily needs given are about 2,500 kilocalories for men and 2,000 for women.
• During intensive training, intake may rise to around 5,000 kilocalories per day.
• The five essential nutrient groups listed are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and vitamins.

💡 Memory Hook

5 nutrients + water: proteins/carbs/fats/minerals/vitamins, and hydrate before, during, after.

📖 4. Doping definition, criteria and health risks

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Doping : Doping is when athletes take illegal substances to try to improve their performance.
• Anti-doping criteria : Anti-doping criteria are the conditions used to decide whether substances or methods are banned.
• Threat to athlete health : A threat to athlete health is a criterion meaning a substance or method can harm athletes’ bodies.
• Spirit of sport : The spirit of sport is a criterion meaning doping violates the ethical ideals of fair competition.

📝 Essential Points

• Doping is defined as taking illegal substances to improve performance.
• Doping substances and methods are banned by sports governing bodies.
• The UK Anti-Doping Agency criteria require at least two of three conditions.
• The three conditions are performance enhancement, threat to athlete health, and violation of the spirit of sport.
• Health risks are explicitly linked to taking banned substances.
• Doping is treated as both an ethical and medical problem in the source.

💡 Memory Hook

Ban needs 2 of 3: better performance + health threat + spirit violation.

📖 5. Doping history and banned drug examples

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• International Association of Athletics Federations : The International Association of Athletics Federations is the athletics body that first banned doping in the source’s timeline.
• World Anti-Doping Agency : The World Anti-Doping Agency is the independent international agency established to set anti-doping standards.
• Stimulants : Stimulants are banned drugs that increase alertness and can mask fatigue by affecting heart rate and blood flow.
• Peptide hormones : Peptide hormones are banned substances such as EPO and HGH that can increase red blood cells or muscle-related effects.
• Blood doping : Blood doping is a banned practice where blood is removed and reinjected to raise oxygen levels.

📝 Essential Points

• The use of stimulants and strength-building substances is said to date back to Ancient Greek times.
• In 1928, the International Association of Athletics Federations became the first to ban doping.
• In 1966, cycling and football world governing bodies introduced doping tests first.
• In 1998, a major Tour de France scandal highlighted the need for an independent international anti-doping agency.
• WADA was established the year after 1998.
• Examples of banned drugs include stimulants, peptide hormones (EPO, HGH), and blood doping.

💡 Memory Hook

Timeline anchor: 1928 first ban; 1998 scandal → WADA next year; drugs: stimulants, EPO/HGH, blood doping.

📖 6. Doping detection methods and testing limits

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Mass spectrometry : Mass spectrometry is a technique used to detect doping substances by analyzing chemical signatures in samples.
• Urine sample fingerprint : A urine sample fingerprint is the unique chemical pattern used to identify specific substances present in the sample.
• Blood testing : Blood testing is a method that can detect certain doping-related substances in blood.
• EPO detection : EPO detection refers to the ability of blood testing to identify erythropoietin.
• Blood transfusions : Blood transfusions are a doping method that the source says blood testing cannot detect.

📝 Essential Points

• Most doping testing uses mass spectrometry.
• Tests are performed on urine samples.
• Each substance in a urine sample has a unique fingerprint used for identification.
• Blood testing is capable of detecting EPO.
• Blood testing is not able to detect blood transfusions.
• The source contrasts urine-based mass spectrometry with blood testing capabilities.

💡 Memory Hook

Urine + mass spectrometry = fingerprints; Blood testing = EPO, not transfusions.

📖 7. Monitoring athlete performance with technology

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Wearable devices : Wearable devices are technology worn by athletes that track physical indicators such as cardiovascular rates.
• Performance analysis software : Performance analysis software is used to examine movements and tactics, including slow-motion body movement review.
• Game analysis software : Game analysis software tracks movements of teams, the ball, and opponents to support strategy decisions.
• Hyperbaric oxygen therapy : Hyperbaric oxygen therapy is a recovery method that uses increased oxygen to aid after injury recovery.
• Marginal gains : Marginal gains are small performance improvements that can collectively make a difference.

📝 Essential Points

• Technology can be used before, during, and after events to enhance performance.
• Support teams and athletes themselves may use technology for monitoring and analysis.
• Technology helps identify strengths, areas for improvement, and fitness status.
• Data collection and analysis can improve fitness, skills, injury prevention, and strategy.
• Wearable devices are used to track cardiovascular rates.
• The source lists disadvantages such as privacy invasion, blurred personal/professional time, and cost/availability limits.

💡 Memory Hook

Before/during/after + data: wearables for health, analysis software for technique/tactics, therapy for recovery.

📖 8. Sports photography camera settings

🔑 Key Concepts & Definitions

• Shutter speed : Shutter speed is the length of time the camera shutter stays open, measured in fractions of a second.
• Aperture : Aperture is the lens opening controlled by a diaphragm that regulates how much light enters the camera.
• ISO : ISO is the camera setting that controls sensor sensitivity to light, affecting brightness and image quality.
• Image stabilization : Image stabilization is a feature that reduces camera shake to help keep images sharper.

📝 Essential Points

• Shutter speed determines whether motion is frozen or blurred.
• Shutter speed is measured in fractions of a second such as 1/60, 1/250, and 1/1000.
• Aperture is controlled by a diaphragm located in the lens.
• ISO directly affects brightness and image quality.
• Increasing ISO makes photos brighter but increases image noise or grain.
• Image stabilization reduces camera shake and is often unnecessary at fast shutter speeds, but helps with slower shutter speeds and panning.

💡 Memory Hook

Exposure pillars: Shutter freezes, Aperture controls light, ISO boosts sensitivity (noise), Stabilization fights shake.

📅 Key Dates

Date	Event
1928	First ban on doping by the International Association of Athletics Federations
1966	First doping tests introduced by world governing bodies for cycling and football
1998	Major Tour de France scandal highlighting the need for an independent anti-doping agency

📊 Synthesis Tables

Thermosoftening vs thermosetting plastics

Property	Thermosoftening	Thermosetting
Cross links	No cross links	Cross-linked set behavior implied by irreversible setting
Heating behavior	Melt and can be reshaped	Sets hard and cannot be remelted
Shape at high heat	Not described as maintaining shape	Maintains shape at high temperatures
Typical examples	Bases for shoes	Billiard balls, safety helmets

⚠️ Common Pitfalls & Confusions

1. Mixing up thermosoftening and thermosetting behavior: thermosoftening can be remelted, while thermosetting cannot.
2. Thinking doping detection by blood testing can find all doping methods; the source says blood transfusions are not detected by blood testing.
3. Confusing the five nutrient groups with hydration; water/fluids are essential but are not part of the five nutrient groups list.
4. Assuming ISO only changes brightness; the source also links higher ISO to increased image noise/grain.
5. Believing image stabilization is always helpful; the source says it’s usually not needed at fast shutter speeds and can be turned off.

✅ Exam Checklist

1. Define polymer, monomer, and polymerization.
2. State how thermosoftening plastics differ from thermosetting plastics in cross links and remelting behavior.
3. List the five essential nutrient groups and explain why athletes need more energy when training intensively.
4. Recall the average daily kilocalorie needs given for men and women and the intensive-training increase.
5. State the doping definition and the three anti-doping criteria used by the UK Anti-Doping Agency.
6. Explain the rule that substances/methods are banned when at least two of the three criteria are met.
7. Place at least three historical milestones in order from the source (Ancient Greek use, 1928 ban, 1966 tests, 1998 scandal, WADA next year, 2013 Armstrong admission).
8. Name examples of banned drug classes from the source: stimulants, peptide hormones (EPO, HGH), and blood doping.
9. Describe the main detection technique (mass spectrometry) and what sample type is used (urine) and why substances can be identified.
10. State what blood testing can detect (EPO) and what it cannot detect (blood transfusions).
11. List how technology is used to monitor athletes before/during/after events and give at least two examples from health, technique/tactics, or equipment.
12. For sports photography, define shutter speed, aperture, ISO, and image stabilization and state the key effects each has on motion blur, light, noise, and shake.