Flashcard: Genetic Mutations and Evolution — 14 carte

Mutations — definition?

Changes in DNA passed to daughter cells.

Genetic diversity — source?

Mutations create inherited variation.

DNA repair — role?

Corrects mutations, preventing transmission.

Protein synthesis — stages?

Transcription in nucleus, translation in cytoplasm.

Genetic code — function?

Links DNA codons to amino acids.

Transcription — mechanism?

Produces mRNA from DNA template.

Translation — mechanism?

Synthesizes proteins from mRNA.

Point mutations — types?

Substitution, insertion, deletion.

Silent mutation — effect?

No change in amino acid.

Frameshift mutation — effect?

Shifts reading frame, often early STOP.

Chromosomal mutation — cause?

Crossing-over during meiosis.

Fission — chromosomal change?

Chromosome splits into two.

Aneuploidy — definition?

Chromosome number abnormality.

Trisomy 21 — condition?

Extra chromosome 21, Down syndrome.